"SA  NE\9  PROGRAmt 
•^F  MISSIONS/?' 


tihvaxy  of  t:he  t:heolo0ical  ^^minavy 

PRINCETON  .  NEW  JERSEY 

FROM  THE  LIBRARY  OF 
ROBERT  ELLIOTT  SPEER 


•d^j 


BV  2060  .W6  1895 

Wishard,  Luther  D.  b.  1854. 

A  new  programme  of  missions 


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A   NEW    PROGRAMME   OF 
MISSIONS 


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A  NEW  PROGRAMME£!H^L3; 
OF  MISSIONS 


A  MOVEMENT  TO  MAKE  THE  COLLEGES  IN  ALL  LANDS 
CENTERS  OF  EVANGELIZATION 


BY 

LUTHER  D.  WISHARD 

WITH   AN   INTRODUCTION  BY 

Rev.  RICHARD  S.  STORRS,  D.D. 


^ 


FLEMING    H.  REVELL    COMPANY 

New  York  Chicago  Toronto 

1895 


Copyright,  1895, 
By  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company. 


INTRODUCTION 


I  HAVE  read  with  very  great  interest  what  Mr. 
Wishard  has  written,  and  what  he  proposes  to 
publish,  on  the  relation  of  the  Students'  Christian 
Movement  here  and  abroad  to  the  evangehzation 
of  the  world.  I  have  been  profoundly  impressed 
by  his  statement  of  facts,  by  the  conclusions 
which  he  draws  from  such  facts,  and  by  the 
bright  and  vast  outlook  into  the  future  which  his 
book  suggests. 

I  most  earnestly  commend  it  to  the  thoughtful 
and  devout  attention  of  those  into  whose  hands 
it  may  come,  surely  believing  that  the  blessing 
of  God  will  go  with  it  to  every  mind  and  heart 
which  it  shall  reach  and  stir,  and  that  money  and 
men  will  be  powerfully  attracted  by  it  to  a  Chris- 
tian work  already  of  so  large  a  reach,  and,  for  the 
future,  of  such  immense  and  shining  promise. 

Richard  S.  Stores. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  19,  1895. 
5 


*^In  the  great  Eternity  which  is  beyond,  among  the  many  marvels 
that  zuill  burst  7ipon  the  soul,  this  surely  will  be  one  of  the  greatest, 
that  the  Son  of  God  ca??ie  to  redeem  the  world,  that  certain  indi- 
viduals were  chosen  outfvm  ma?ikind  to  be  the  first-fruits  of  the  new 
creation,  that  to  them  was  committed  the  inconceivable  honor  of 
proclaiming  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation  to  their  fellow-creatures 
still  in  darkness,  and  that  they  did  not  do  it.  Centuries  were 
allowed  to  move  slowly  by,  while  myriads  of  the  lost  race  were 
passing  into  that  mysterious  and  awful  Eternity  without  the 
knowledge  of  Hi77i  who  died  for  them.  Those  chosen  ones  in  each 
age  who  knezv  Him  were  not  withotit  love  and  loyalty.  They  did 
glorify  Hi??t  in  their  lives  and  so7netimes  by  their  deaths.  They 
defended  His  truth  ;  they  cared  for  His  poor;  they  gathered  for 
His  worship.  Biit — bid — the  one  grand  purpose  of  their  existence 
as  the  living  spiritual  Church,  that  they  should  be  witnesses  utito 
Him  *  tmto  the  tittermost  part  of  the  earth,  that  they  should 
*  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature  ' — this  they  failed  to  fulfil ; 
it  scarcely  occurred  to  them  that  they  had  to  fulfil  it.  Here  and 
there  an  individual  among  them  would  rise  to  a  conception  of  his 
calling ;  a  Rayinond  Lull  or  a  John  Eliot  would  spend  and  be 
spent  for  the  perishing  heathen ;  but  the  Church,  the  spiritual 
Church,  was  asleep.  At  last  some  few  metnbers  of  it  awoke. 
They  stirred  up  others.  The  evangelization  of  the  world  was  under- 
taken. Yet  how  feebly !  And  all  this  while,  the  Lord,  whose 
promised  advent  they  professed  to  look  and  long  for,  was  tarrying 
because  the  work  was  not  done  that  must  be  done  before  His  return. 
In  Eternity,  we  repeat^  will  any  feature  of  the  Past  be  more  start- 
ling than  this?'' 

Eugene  Stock. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I.  A  Proposed  Solution  of  the  Problem  How  to 
Enlist  a  Force  for  the  World's  Evangeliza- 
tion        9 

II.  The  Solution  Illustrated  by  Students'  Chris- 
tian Movements  in  the  West 17 

HI.  The  Solution  Illustrated  by  Christian  Work 

among  Students  in  the  Far  East 29 

IV.  The  Beginning  of  a  Christian  Movement  in 

THE  Colleges  of  Mission  Lands 45 

V.  Progress  of  the  Movement 57 

VI.  Elements  of  Permanence  in  the  Movement  . .     77 

VII.  A  Threefold  Appeal 91 


I 

A  PROPOSED  SOLUTION  OF  THE  PROBLEM 

HOW  TO  ENLIST  A  FORCE  FOR  THE 

WORLD'S  EVANGELIZATION 


"  Were  not  the  great  Reformers  of  every  kingdom  in  Europe 
natives  of  the  kingdom  reformed?  Had  not  Germany  its  Lut hers 
and  Melanchthons  ?  Switzerland  its  Bezas  and  Calvins?  Eng- 
land its  Cranmers  and  Ridley s  ?  Scotland  its  Knoxes  and  Mel- 
villes  ?  Suppose,  for  example,  that  he  whose  voice,  once  raised  in 
the  center  of  Germany,  shook  the  Vatican,  dissolved  antichristian 
confederacies,  and  in  its  echoing  responses  has  since  reverberated 
round  the  globe ;  suppose  that  even  the  mighty  Luther  himself 
had  landed  on  our  Scottish  shore,  think  you  that  betiveen  his  com- 
parative ignorance  of  the  mintite  idioms  of  our  tongue,  and  com- 
parative inacquaintance  with  the  national  and  provincial  pecu- 
liarities of  the  people — think  you  that  even  HE  could  have  become 
the  Reformer  of  Scotland?  No  /  It  pleased  that  God  who  never 
has  made  a  superfluous  display  of  supernatural  power,  to  raise  up 
and  qualify  one  who,  from  the  very  dawn  of  his  being,  had  been 
steeped  into  all  the  peculiarities,  domestic  and  social,  civil  and 
religious,  which  constitute  the  incommunicable  national  charac- 
ter of  a  people,  one  who,  having  grown  up  to  manhood  saturated 
with  these  peculiarities,  could  instinctively  or  intuitively,  as  it 
were,  touch  a  hundred  secret  chords  in  the  hearts  of  his  country- 
men, with  a  thi'illing  power  which  no  foreigner  could  ever  etnu- 
late.  In  a  word,  it  pleased  Him  who  always  most  wisely  adapts 
His  instruments  to  their  intended  operation  to  raise  up  and  qualify 
a  John  Knox  to  be  the  Reformer  of  Scotland.  So,  in  like  manner, 
must  zve  conclude,  from  the  analogy  of  history  and  providence, 
that  WHEN   THE  TIME  SET  ARRIVES,  THE  REAL  REFORMERS  OF 

Hindustan  will  be  qualified  Hindus.  As  in  every  other 
case  of  national  awakening,  the  first  impulse  must  come  from 
abroad ;  its  onward  dynamic  force  must  be  of  native  growth. 
The  gli?nmering  lights  that  usher  in  the  dawn  may  sparkle  from 
afar  in  the  western  horizon  ;  but  it  is  only  in  its  own  firmament 
that  the  Sun  of  Reformation  can  burst  forth  in  effulgence  over  a 
benighted  landy 

Alexander  Duff. 


10 


A   NEW    PROGRAMME   OF 
MISSIONS 


A  PROPOSED  SOLUTION  OF  THE  PROBLEM  HOW 

TO  ENLIST  A  FORCE  FOR   THE  WORLD'S 

E  VANGELIZA  TION 

One  of  the  most  cheering  signs  of  promise  of 
the  world's  speedy  evangelization  is  the  wide 
and  thorough  discussion  of  the  fundamental 
problems  involved  in  the  sublime  enterprise. 
Prominent  among  these  problems  are  the  sup- 
port of  mission  churches;  division  of  territory; 
distribution  of  the  missionary  force;  denational- 
ization of  Christianity,  or  such  divestment  of  the 
gospel  of  accretions  acquired  by  contact  with  the 
various  peoples  professing  it  as  will  insure  its  pres- 
entation in  its  primitive  simplicity;  the  place  of 


1 2  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

prayer  in  missions ;  the  Holy  Spirit's  leadership ; 
financial  support;  and  the  enlistment  of  a  force 
sufficient  for  the  world-wide  preaching  of  the 
gospel.  This  last  question  is  singled  out  for 
special  discussion  here.  Two  methods  of  enlist- 
ing the  force  are  to  be  considered. 

In  the  first  place,  the  Church's  membership 
and  wealth  are  sufficient  to  furnish  and  maintain 
an  army  of  missionaries  of  such  numbers  as  to 
provide  a  missionary  for  every  two  thousand  per- 
sons in  non-Christian  lands.  The  Church's  ability 
to  do  this  is  undoubted,  but  the  probabiHty  of 
its  doing  it  is  scarcely  conceivable.  The  under- 
taking to  furnish  the  one  billion  people  in  non- 
Christian  lands  with  even  one  third  as  large  a  pro- 
portionate force  of  missionaries,  including  women 
and  other  lay  agents,  as  there  are  ordained  min- 
isters in  the  United  States  calls  for  an  army  of 
five  hundred  thousand,  or  one  in  eighty  of  the 
forty  million  evangelical  communicants  of  Chris- 
tendom. After  one  hundred  years'  agitation  of 
the  foreign  mission  cause,  we  are  furnishing  only 
about  ten  thousand,  or  one  in  four  thousand  of 


A  PROPOSED  SOLUTION  1 3 

the  Church's  membership  for  its  foreign  work. 
We  are  certainly  not  Hkely  to  increase  the  force 
fifty-fold  within  a  generation  or  even  a  century. 
Again,  the  financial  outlay  involved  in  the  sup- 
port of  so  vast  a  force  would  exceed  six  hundred 
millions  annually,  or  upward  of  twelve  hundred 
dollars  a  year  per  missionary.  While  this  vast 
sum  is  far  within  the  Church's  resources,  it  so  far 
exceeds  its  present  annual  contributions  as  to 
leave  little  doubt  as  to  the  response  that  would 
be  made  to  such  a  demand.  It  was  only  with  the 
greatest  difficulty  that  the  nearly  forty  million 
church  members  in  Europe  and  America  were 
persuaded  to  dole  out  the  pittance  of  fourteen 
million  dollars  for  the  support  of  the  foreign 
work  for  1894 — less  than  thirty-five  cents  per 
capita  for  a  year;  less  than  one  mill  a  day.  If 
this  insignificant  sum  is  all  that  can  be  secured 
after  a  century  of  missionary  appeal  it  is  not 
likely  that  the  individual  members  of  the  churches 
will  rise  to  five  cents  a  day  very  soon,  small  as 
that  amount  is.  The  above  method  of  solution  of 
this  missionary  problem  needs  but  to  be  analyzed 


14  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

to  be  rejected.  The  acknowledgment  is  made 
with  deep  humiliation,  but  in  all  candor  it  must 
be  made. 

Inasmuch  as  it  is  clearly  beyond  the  bounds  of 
probability  that  the  church  will  furnish  the  rank 
and  file  of  an  army  of  foreign  missionaries  ade- 
quate to  the  speedy  preaching  and  teaching  of 
the  gospel  to  every  creature,  it  is  probable  that 
it  can  be  relied  upon  for  a  force  of  at  least  thirty 
thousand  leaders  for  the  enterprise.  These  lead- 
ers, wisely  distributed,  would  afford  a  station 
manned  by  a  half-dozen  missionaries  at  the  center 
of  every  group  of  two  hundred  thousand  people ; 
and  there  is  no  doubt  that  this  force,  assisted  by 
the  newly  Christianized  people  associated  with  it, 
can  fully  explain  to  every  creature  the  meaning 
of  the  life,  death,  and  resurrection  of  Jesus.  Nor 
can  the  financial  outlay  involved  in  supporting 
this  moderate  force  be  considered  an  insuperable 
obstacle.  So  far  from  being  extravagant,  it  is  not 
even  generous.  Thirty  thousand  missionaries  can 
be  supported  at  a  cost  of  thirty-six  millions  of 
dollars  annually — less  than  ninety  cents  a  year. 


A  PROPOSED  SOLUTION  1 5 

or  a  quarter  of  a  cent  a  day,  from  each  church 
member.  If,  therefore,  eighty  church  members 
may  not  be  expected  to  send  and  support  one  of 
their  number  at  a  cost  of  five  cents  a  day,  surely 
every  group  of  thirteen  hundred  may  be  looked 
to  for  the  support  of  one  of  their  number  at  a 
cost  of  a  quarter  of  a  cent  a  day  each. 

The  large  and  generous  method  considered 
first  is  dismissed  all  the  more  readily  because  of 
certain  well-ascertained  facts  which  suggest  the 
feasibility  of  accomplishing  the  evangelistic  en- 
terprise on  the  more  economical  scale  proposed. 
The  latter  method,  however,  involves  the  enlist- 
ment and  training  of  a  force  of  evangelists  on  the 
foreign  field.  This  really  seems  to  be  the  only 
solution  to  the  problem.  If  it  is  only  one  of 
many  solutions,  it  deserves  candid  investigation ; 
if  it  is  the  only  solution,  it  demands  the  most 
prayerful  consideration  of  every  student  of  mis- 
sionary problems,  of  every  foreign  missionary,  of 
every  financial  supporter  of  the  missionary  cause, 
of  every  one  who  ever  prays,  ''  Thy  kingdom 
come."     The  solution  proposed  is  this :  convert 


l6  A   NEW  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

the  colleges  of  foreign  mission  lands  into  strong- 
holds and  distributing  centers  of  Christianity ; 
make  them  academies  of  the  church  militant  to 
train  leaders  for  the  present  crusade  of  evangel- 
ization, which  it  is  hoped  may  be  the  last.  This 
method  of  solution  is  not  an  untried  one.  It  has 
been  employed  to  a  considerable  extent  by  the 
Church  missionary  boards  and  their  representa- 
tives almost  from  the  very  beginning  of  the  mis- 
sionary century  now  closing. 


II 


THE  SOLUTION  ILLUSTRATED  BY  STUDENTS' 
CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENTS  IN  THE  WEST 


17 


"/  have  often  thought  that  one  of  the  great  objects  God  had  in 
view  in  instituting  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  was 
to  attract  from  the  world  into  the  Church  of  Christ  commercial 
yotmg  men,  and  men  of  education  and  culture;  and  then,  having 
brought  them  to  the  Saviour  and  united  them  to  the  churches  of 
Christ,  that  they  should  be  prepared  to  go  forth  to  the  ends  of  the 
earth.     I  have  desired  this  with  all  my  hearth 

Sir  George  Williams. 

"/  have  long  since  ceased  to  pray,  *  Lord  Jesus,  have  cofupassion 
upon  a  lost  world, '  /  re77iember  the  day  and  the  hour  zvhen  I  seemed 
to  hear  the  Lord  rebuking  7ne  for  making  such  a  prayer.  Lie 
seemed  to  say  to  me,  '  L  have  had  compassion  upon  a  lost  world, 
and  now  it  is  for  you  to  have  compassion.  L  have  left  you  to  fill 
up  that  which  is  behind  in  Mine  afflictions  in  the  flesh  for  the 
body^s  sake,  which  is  the  Church.  L  have  given  My  heart ;  give 
your  hearts.'^ " 

A.  J.  Gordon. 


i8 


II 


THE   SOLUTION  ILLUSTRATED  BY  STUDENTS' 
CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENTS  IN  THE    WEST 

The  feasibility  of  making  the  student  centers 
of  the  world  centers  of  evangelization  finds  abun- 
dant support  in  the  part  which  certain  communi- 
ties of  Christian  students  have  already  performed 
in  modern  church  history  throughout  the  West 
and  in  the  far  East. 

Most  conspicuous  among  these  was  the  Oxford 
Holy  Club,  or  Methodists,  as  certain  Oxford 
students  nicknamed  the  society  of  the  Wesleys, 
Whitefield,  and  their  associates.  The  members 
of  that  society  were  derided  and  scoffed  at  in 
Oxford ;  but  who  can  doubt  that  there  was  joy  in 
the  presence  of  the  angels  in  heaven  when  the 
birth  of  that  student  brotherhood  was  announced  ? 
A  very  small  room  in  Lincoln  College  was  quite 
19 


20  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

large  enough  to  furnish  a  meeting-place  for  all  of 
the  Methodists  in  the  world  in  1730;  but  Eng- 
land could  be  pretty  densely  populated  now  with 
the  present  and  former  members  of  the  one  divi- 
sion of  the  army  of  salvation  headed  by  John 
Wesley. 

The  haystack  meeting  in  Williams  College 
prayed  into  existence  the  American  Board,  the 
first  American  foreign  missionary  society,  the  in- 
spiration of  whose  life  and  service  has  raised  up 
scores  of  other  missionary  boards  and  agencies. 

The  Williams  students  also  set  in  motion  a  train 
of  influences  which  culminated  in  the  formation 
of  the  Intercollegiate  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, the  largest  students'  fraternity  in  the 
world.  The  supremacy  of  this  fraternity  among 
college  organizations  in  its  aim,  extent,  and 
achievements,  and  its  intimate  relationship  to 
the  fundamental  question  under  consideration, 
demand  for  it  more  than  passing  notice. 

The  deepest  spiritual  movement  in  the  history 
of  Princeton  College  began  on  the  Day  of  Prayer 
for  Colleges  in  1876.     The  revival  overflowed  to 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  IVEST      21 

other  institutions  which  were  visited  by  the 
students.  Letters  were  also  received  from  other 
colleges  requesting  prayer.  The  spiritual  activity 
awakened  by  the  revival  was  propagated  along 
the  line  of  a  better  organization  of  the  Christian 
society  of  the  college.  Thus  without  any  pre- 
determination, and  in  the  most  natural  way  pos- 
sible, the  two  fundamental  and  distinguishing 
features  of  the  present  world-wide  Christian 
movement  among  students  were  recognized  and 
employed — namely,  thorough  organization  of  the 
Christian  forces  in  college,  and  intercollegiate 
cooperation.  It  was  soon  decided  to  perpetuate 
these  features  upon  an  extended  scale.  Corre- 
spondence was  accordingly  entered  into,  a  na- 
tional conference  of  students  was  held,  and  the 
Intercollegiate  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion was  born. 

The  aim  of  the  movement  is  to  make  the  col- 
leges Christian  in  the  most  positive  and  aggressive 
sense ;  in  other  words,  it  is  to  lead  every  student 
to  do  his  whole  Christian  duty  to  his  fellow- 
students,  to  his  country,  and  to  the  world. 


22  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

In  the  cultivation  of  the  college  field  the 
students  conduct  prayer-meetings,  Bible  classes, 
evangelistic  services,  and  maintain  a  thorough 
system  of  individual  work.  To  make  the  college 
a  center  of  spiritual  life  in  the  community  where 
it  is  located,  meetings  are  held  in  mission  chapels, 
district  school-houses,  almshouses,  jails,  hospitals, 
and  among  the  neglected  classes  in  cities.  Evan- 
gelistic tours  are  made  in  some  sections  during 
summer  and  winter  vacations,  and  the  gospel  is 
preached  to  young  men  and  others  in  villages  and 
country  communities  which  are  rarely  visited  by 
prominent  evangehsts.  A  special  movement  is 
also  in  progress  to  urge  the  claims  of  the  ministry 
upon  college  men. 

One  of  the  most  thoroughly  emphasized  and 
organized  features  of  the  Association  is  its  foreign 
missionary  department,  which  is  designed  to  bring 
students  face  to  face  with  their  obligations  to  the 
world's  evangelization.  Meetings  are  held  to 
study  missionary  fields  and  problems,  and  to  pray 
for  the  Church's  speedy  fulfilment  of  Christ's  last 
command.     The    missionary   department   of   the 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN  THE  IVEST      23 

Association  has  expanded  into  the  Student  Vol- 
unteer Movement  for  Foreign  Missions. 

To  stimulate  the  colleges  in  these  activities 
there  is  a  system  of  intercollegiate  cooperation, 
consisting  of  publications,  correspondence,  con- 
ventions, and  visitation  by  graduates  and  stu- 
dents. This  vast  and  varied  enterprise  is  con- 
ducted by  traveling  secretaries  under  the  direction 
of  state  and  international  executive  committees. 

The  International  Committee  of  Young  Men's 
Christian  Associations  has  from  the  beginning 
pursued  a  course  of  inquiry  from  year  to  year  as 
to  the  effects  of  the  organization  in  influencing 
the  lives  of  individual  students  and  the  character 
of  institutions.  These  annual  investigations  have 
been  recorded  and  preserved  with  such  care  that 
it  is  possible  to  speak  with  considerable  accuracy 
of  the  results  of  the  movement.  It  appears  that 
the  Bible  is  studied  far  more  than  at  any  former 
period,  both  in  voluntary  classes  and  as  a  text- 
book in  the  college  curriculum.  The  compiled 
statistics  of  conversions  indicate  that  over  twenty- 
five  thousand  students  have  during  the  past  eigh- 


24  A   NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

teen  years  confessed  Christ  as  Lord  and  Saviour. 
Fully  seventy-five  thousand  men  have  been  en- 
rolled in  the  membership  of  the  Association,  and 
have  thus  been  in  training  for  the  work  which 
many  of  them  are  now  doing  in  the  varied  enter- 
prises of  the  church ;  thirty-two  hundred  men  are 
reported  as  having  been  influenced  through  their 
connection  with  the  Association  to  devote  them- 
selves to  the  ministry.  If  the  conversion  of  fifty 
thousand  persons  in  one  generation  can  be  traced 
to  the  work  of  a  band  of  men  who  were  led  into 
the  ministry  as  the  result  of  one  revival  in  Yale 
during  Timothy  Dwight's  presidency  and  under 
his  preaching,  what  estimate  can  fully  express  the 
influence  of  the  Association  upon  this  generation 
through  the  ministry  of  even  one  half  of  these 
thirty-two  hundred  men  ?  It  was  the  opinion  of 
President  McCosh  that  the  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  for  Foreign  Missions  is  the  greatest 
missionary  revival  since  the  first  century.  Al- 
though less  than  nine  years  have  elapsed  since 
this  movement  was  fairly  launched,  at  least  seven 
hundred  students  whose  names  are  on  its  muster- 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN    THE   IVEST       25 

roll  have  gone  to  the  front  under  commission  of 
the  Church's  missionary  boards.  The  Student 
Missionary  Volunteers  have  written  on  their  stan- 
dard the  stirring  watch-cry,  '*  The  evangeHzation 
of  the  world  in  this  generation!"  and  have  lifted 
their  standard  so  high  that  the  sacramental  host 
throughout  the  world  can  see  and  follow  it  to 
victory. 

The  significance  of  this  great  Christian  renais- 
sance in  the  universities  is  forcibly  illustrated  by 
its  extent.  In  America  it  has  attained  national 
dimensions,  including  about  five  hundred  institu- 
tions in  nearly  every  state,  with  a  membership 
exceeding  thirty  thousand  students.  It  became 
international  early  in  its  history,  when  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto  started  the  Canadian  contingent, 
which  now  extends  from  Prince  Edward  Island  to 
Winnipeg.  It  crossed  the  Atlantic  ten  years  ago 
and  entered  the  University  of  Berlin.  The  Ger- 
man university  students  have  held  annual  Chris- 
tian conferences  since  1890,  the  last  of  which 
effected  a  permanent  national  organization  with 
an  executive  committee,  which  is  represented  this 


26  A  NEW  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

year  for  the  first  time  by  a  student  who  is  visiting 
the  universities  for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  and 
organizing  the  activities  of  the  students.  For 
several  years  previous  to  his  entrance  upon  his 
present  important  service  the  German  Secretary 
was  successfully  engaged  in  forming  classes  for 
Bible  study  in  the  gymnasia.  When  one  recalls 
the  supreme  part  which  German  students  took  in 
the  greatest  reformation  of  the  Church's  history, 
the  present  students'  movement  in  the  land  of 
the  Reformation  awakens  the  deepest  interest  and 
liveliest  expectations. 

During  the  summer  of  1889  a  Christian  gather- 
ing of  students  in  Japan  sent  a  cable  greeting  to  a 
similar  gathering  of  students  in  Northfield,  Mass. 
The  message,  "  Make  Jesus  King,"  was  suggested 
by  the  gathering  of  the  men  of  Israel  around 
David  at  Hebron  to  make  him  king  over  all 
Israel.  The  message  awakened  great  enthu- 
siasm at  Northfield,  and  was  sent  across  the  At- 
lantic by  mail  to  a  student  of  Upsala  University, 
Sweden.  He  received  the  message  in  a  dor- 
mitory of   Christiania   University,  Norway,  and 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN   THE   IVEST       2] 

read  it  to  a  group  of  students.  It  made  a  pro- 
found impression.  "  Is  it  possible,"  they  ex- 
claimed, ''  that  in  Japan,  a  country  which  was 
opened  to  the  gospel  less  than  a  generation  ago, 
there  is  now  a  national  movement  of  Christian 
students,  with  a  national  assembly  of  five  hun- 
dred men,  whereas  here  in  Scandinavia,  where 
the  gospel  has  been  preached  for  centuries,  the 
students  are  doing  little  or  nothing  in  an  organ- 
ized way  to  promote  its  spread  ?  "  After  prayer- 
ful consultation  it  was  decided  to  call  a  conference 
of  the  students  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Den- 
mark. The  conference  assembled  in  the  summer 
of  1890.  A  second  one  was  held  during  the 
summer  of  1892.  These  gatherings  have  already 
exerted  a  marked  influence  upon  the  lives  of  many 
men  in  the  Scandinavian  universities. 

After  a  number  of  preliminary  gatherings  with 
growing  attendance,  the  students  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  have  formed  a  strong  national  union, 
composed  of  all  the  leading  universities  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  The  general  scheme  of  local 
and  national  organization  closely  resembles  that 


2^  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

in  America.  From  the  vigorous  and  thorough 
manner  in  which  the  leaders  of  the  British 
movement  are  prosecuting  the  enterprise,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  it  will  occupy  from  the  beginning 
a  foremost  place  among  the  national  movements 
of  Christian  students  which  are  forming  around 
the  world. 

The  European  movement,  while  but  fairly 
launched,  has  already  yielded  such  results  as  to 
justify  the  faith  of  its  projectors  that  it  would 
rally  the  young  men  of  Britain  and  the  Continent 
to  their  part  in  the  present  era  of  world-wide 
missions.  The  students  in  Great  Britain  alone 
who  have  volunteered  for  missionary  work  are 
numbered  by  hundreds,  and  the  British  Secretary 
reported  a  year  ago  that  fully  ninety  percent,  of 
the  volunteers  who  have  completed  their  period 
of  preparation  are  already  on  the  foreign  field. 


Ill 


THE  SOLUTION  ILLUSTRATED  BY  CHRISTIAN 

WORK  AMONG  STUDENTS  IN 

THE  FAR  EAST 


29 


**/«  order  to  occupy  a  front  rank  as  Christian  preachers ^  our 
young  men  must  receive  a  first-class  education.  Ten  years''  ex- 
perience in  Japan  has  given  us  a  strong  conviction  that  the  best 
possible  method  to  evangelize  her  people  is  to  raise  tip  the  native 
agency,  and  such  an  agency  can  be  only  secured  by  imparting  the 
highest  Christian  culture  to  the  best  youths  to  be  found.  It  may 
be  a  costly  xvork,  but  it  will  surely  pay  well  at  the  end.  The  better 
educated  can  do  a  larger  work.  Bette^'-qualified preachers  can  or- 
ganize self-sustaining  and  self  propagating  churches  much  better 
than  the  ill  qualified.  So,  imparting  a  broad  culture  to  our  best 
youths  will  be  a  most  indispensable  means  to  win  and  prepare 
them  for  the  Master's  tuork.^^ 

Joseph  Neesima. 

*'  Some  years  ago  a  spiritual  darkness  had  spread  over  the  Syrian 
missions,  and  we  began  to  long  and  pray  for  the  advent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.  We  had  a  prayer-meeting  of  the  students  of  the 
Syrian  Protestant  College.  There  were  over  eighty  students  pres- 
ent. I  represented  the  state  of  things  in  the  college  and  out  of  it^ 
and  then  asked  the  students  to  spend  a  season  in  silent  prayer. 
After  they  had  raised  their  heads  I  said,  'Now  every  one  of  you 
who  is  resolved  to  give  his  life  to  the  cause  of  Christ  and  his  coun- 
try, rise.''  Sixty  of  those  students  rose  as  by  a  common  i7nptilse, 
and  the  revival  of  religion  that  commenced  in  that  prayer-meeting 
spread  all  through  the  country;  and  there  7vere  gathered  in  that 
single  year  more  converts  to  the  Church  of  Christ  than  had  been 
gathered  in  the  six  previous  years. ''^ 

George  E.  Post. 


30 


Ill 


THE    SOLUTION   ILLUSTRATED    BY    CHRISTIAN 
WORK  AMONG  STUDENTS  IN  THE  FAR  EAST 

Is  this  movement  capable  of  adaptation  to  the 
students  in  foreign  mission  lands?  The  mere 
proposal  of  this  idea  has  kindled  a  lively  hope  in 
the  hearts  of  foreign  missionaries.  None  have 
watched  more  eagerly  than  they  the  spread  of  the 
movement  throughout  America,  and  its  auspicious 
beginning  in  Europe.  They  believe  that  if  the 
students  of  the  Christian  lands  of  the  West  can  be 
brought  into  close  contact  with  those  of  the  East 
who  are  just  hearing  of  the  gospel,  the  former  will 
impart  to  the  latter  the  missionary  spirit  which  is 
the  crowning  characteristic  of  the  great  Christian 
uprising  in  the  West,  and  that  a  service  will  thus 
be  performed  which  will  equal  any  service  ever 
rendered  to  the  cause  of  foreign  missions. 
31 


32  A   NEIV  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

To  repeat  the  proposition  already  submitted  as 
a  possible  solution  to  the  problem  of  the  enhst- 
ment  of  a  force  sufficient  for  the  world's  speedy- 
evangelization,  let  it  be  expressed  thus :  we  have 
organized  in  the  colleges  of  Christian  lands  a 
Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions; let  us  organize  in  the  colleges  of  non- 
Christian  lands  a  Stitdent  Volunteer  Movement 
for  Home  Missions.  The  former  will  raise  up  the 
foreign,  the  latter  the  native  contingent  of  the 
missionary  army. 

It  has  been  intimated  that  Christian  societies  of 
students  have  already  played  so  important  a  part 
in  church  history  in  the  far  East  as  to  encourage 
the  effort  to  associate  them  with  the  Church's  en- 
terprises in  all  non-Christian  lands.  The  facts 
supporting  this  statement  call  for  careful  exami- 
nation. The  following  incidents  were  fully  con- 
firmed by  the  writer  during  an  extended  tour  of 
investigation  in  foreign  mission  lands. 

The  Sapporo  Believers  in  Jestis. — About  twenty 
years  ago  President  Clark  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  went  to  Japan  for  the  pur- 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR  EAST    33 


pose  of  founding  a  similar  institution  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hokkaido,  in  the  northern  island  of  the 
empire.  In  conference  with  officials  of  the  edu- 
cational department  he  was  expressly  forbidden 
to  teach  the  Bible  to  the  students.  He  promptly 
informed  the  officials  that  he  would  not  undertake 
the  proposed  enterprise  if  this  requirement  were  to 
be  enforced.  The  officials  were  so  impressed  with 
his  manifest  ability  for  the  important  undertaking 
which  had  brought  him  to  Japan  that  rather  than 
lose  his  services  they  withdrew  their  opposition 
to  his  teaching  the  Scriptures.  He  accordingly 
carried  the  enterprise  to  a  successful  issue,  which 
detained  him  in  Japan  for  only  a  year.  During 
the  year  he  conducted  through  an  interpreter  a 
class  for  Bible  study.  The  students  were  pro- 
foundly moved  by  the  sacred  truth,  and  before 
President  Clark's  departure  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion of  seeing  thirty-two  of  his  students  accept 
the  doctrines  of  Christianity  and  confess  Christ 
as  their  Saviour.  They  immediately  formed  a 
society  called  ''  Believers  in  Jesus,"  which  finally 
developed  into  a  church — one  of  the  first  organ- 


34  ^  ^^^  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

ized  in  Japan.  A  building  was  erected,  largely 
at  the  expense  of  the  members,  and  a  charter 
member  of  the  society  was  the  efficient  pastor  six 
years  ago.  At  that  time  one  fourth  of  the  stu- 
dents in  the  college  were  professing  Christians, 
and  the  city  of  Sapporo  was  more  fully  per- 
meated with  Christianity  than  any  other  com- 
munity visited  in  all  Asia.  A  letter  from  the 
society,  soon  after  its  organization,  to  the  students 
of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  de- 
scribing the  purpose  of  the  society  and  expressing 
a  desire  for  mutual  sympathy  and  cooperation, 
first  suggested  the  idea  of  embracing  the  students 
in  foreign  mission  lands  in  the  Christian  move- 
ment then  recently  organized  in  America. 

T/ie  Kumamoto  Band. — While  the  incident 
above  described  was  occurring  on  the  northern 
island  a  still  more  interesting  chapter  of  modern 
church  history  was  being  made  in  an  institution 
in  the  city  of  Kumamoto,  in  the  southern  island 
of  Japan.  In  1871  an  American  teacher  was 
called  to  this  institution.  Whether  or  not  the 
school  was  founded  for  the  express  purpose  of 


STUDENTS'   MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR  EAST    35 

raising  up  an  intelligent  opposition  to  Christian- 
ity, it  is  very  certain  that  that  was  the  desire  of 
many  of  its  leading  patrons.  In  view  of  this  fact 
it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  failure  of  the  di- 
rectors to  investigate  the  religious  belief  of  the 
teacher  before  employing  him.  This  matter  was, 
however,  entirely  overlooked,  and  before  many 
weeks  had  passed  the  board  was  surprised  and 
chagrined  to  find  itself  bound  by  a  five-years' 
contract  for  a  large  salary  to  a  man  who  was  an 
avowed  believer  in  Christianity  and  had  a  forcible 
way  of  defending  his  faith.  They  could  not  can- 
cel the  contract,  however,  without  surrendering 
the  salary ;  and  inasmuch  as  the  teacher  mani- 
fested no  disposition  to  inaugurate  aggressive 
Christian  work,  they  made  no  attempt  to  remove 
him. 

After  some  months  had  passed  he  invited  the 
students  to  visit  his  home  once  a  week  for  Bible 
study.  This  invitation  was  at  once  strongly  op- 
posed by  the  parents  of  the  young  men.  In  the 
midst  of  the  controversy,  however,  a  Gamaliel 
arose  and  suggested  that  in  order  to  intelHgently 


36  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

oppose  Christianity  the  students  must  be  in- 
structed in  its  principles.  His  counsel  prevailed. 
A  Bible  class  was  formed  and  maintained  for 
several  years.  To  all  human  appearances,  the 
seed  was  sown  on  stony  ground.  For  months 
and  even  years  the  teacher  instructed,  argued, 
and  pleaded  in  vain.  The  seed,  however,  was 
taking  root.  One  young  man  became  so  deeply 
impressed  by  the  truth  that  he  cautiously  con- 
fided his  sentiments  to  another,  and  to  his  joy- 
ful surprise  met  with  a  sympathetic  response. 
The  two  found  upon  inquiry  that  other  men  were 
secretly  cherishing  the  same  convictions.  In  a 
short  time  Christianity  became  the  all-absorbing 
theme  of  private  conversation;  and  the  number 
of  those  who  avowed  themselves  as  satisfied  with 
its  divine  character  increased  to  about  forty. 

Public  confession  was  a  serious  matter.  It 
would  be  followed  by  disruption  of  the  school, 
separation  from  the  man  who  had  led  them  into 
the  light,  and  many  other  trials.  It  was  a  bitter 
cup,  a  baptism  of  fire.  They  shrank  not,  how- 
ever, from  the  trial.     Having  heard  the  voice  of 


STUDENTS'   MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR  EAST    37 

Christ,  they  were  willing  to  stand  up,  as  did  Paul 
in  Damascus,  and  confess  Him  at  any  cost.  One 
morning  late  in  January,  1876,  they  went  in  com- 
pany to  the  top  of  Flowery  Hill,  which  overlooks 
the  city;  and  after  a  long  season  of  prayer  and 
Bible  study  and  conversation,  in  which  they 
nerved  one  another  for  the  coming  ordeal,  they 
entered  into  a  solemn  covenant  to  confess  their 
faith  in  Jesus  Christ.  *'  Having  taken  the  step, 
we  came  down  the  hillside  with  great  joy,"  said 
one  of  their  number  in  describing  the  meeting. 
''  As  we  started,  one  of  our  number,  pointing  to 
the  city  and  plains  at  our  feet,  exclaimed,  *  Ye  are 
the  light  of  the  world.  A  city  set  on  a  hill  can- 
not be  hid.'  "  Little  did  those  students  reahze 
at  that  time,  however,  what  a  light  they  were 
kindling,  what  an  important  part  they  were  des- 
tined to  have  in  building  the  City  of  God  in  their 
country.  They  returned  to  the  city  and  an- 
nounced their  decision,  and  the  excitement  which 
followed  was  not  one  whit  less  intense  than  they 
had  expected.  It  is  doubtful  if  Kumamoto  has 
been  more  greatly  agitated  since  the  Restoration 


38  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

— even  by  Saigo's  rebellion,  which  centered  there 
a  few  years  later.  That  the  men  who  had  been 
looked  upon  as  the  future  deliverers  of  the  prov- 
ince from  the  hated  religion  of  the  hated  foreign- 
ers had  embraced  that  religion  was  almost  more 
than  the  Japanese  could  endure.  They  argued, 
entreated,  threatened,  commanded  their  sons  to 
abjure  their  newly  declared  faith ;  they  confined 
them  to  their  homes  as  prisoners,  in  order  to 
separate  them  from  one  another ;  they  made  them 
perform  the  most  menial  services;  tears,  prom- 
ises, everything  that  could  be  conceived  except 
severe  personal  violence  was  done  to  dissuade 
them  from  their  course.  Only  a  very  few  of  the 
youngest  of  the  band,  however,  were  terrified 
into  submission  to  the  will  of  their  parents. 

The  school  being  disbanded,  the  teacher  wrote 
to  Joseph  Neesima,  who  had  recently  established 
the  Doshisha  College  in  Kyoto,  asking  whether 
he  would  receive  the  students  and  complete  their 
education.  President  Neesima  replied  assuring 
the  young  men  of  a  warm  welcome.  About 
thirty  of  them  entered  the  college,  and  fifteen  of 


STUDENTS'   MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR   EAST    39 

them  completed  the  theological  course.  By  their 
splendid  scholarship  they  anchored  the  institution 
in  the  confidence  not  only  of  the  Japanese  church, 
but  of  the  government  itself.  They  made  it  one 
of  the  leading  Christian  colleges  in  all  the  East, 
and  it  made  them  a  band  of  the  strongest  and 
most  devoted  Christian  men  in  the  Empire.  Many 
of  them  are  to-day  filling  important  positions  of 
leadership  in  the  churches;  and  without  them  it 
would  be  hard  to  see  how  one  of  the  leading 
churches  of  the  empire — the  Congregational — 
could  have  attained  its  present  membership  and 
influence.  When,  centuries  hence,  Ja,pan's  Schaflfs 
and  Niebuhrs  shall  write  the  history  of  early 
Christianity  in  the  Sunrise  Kingdom,  the  names 
of  certain  of  that  band  will  shine  like  stars  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  galaxy  of  the  illustrious 
names  of  those  who  planted  Christianity  in  their 
nation. 

A  Revival  in  the  Dos  his  ha. — About  twelve 
years  ago  the  students  of  the  college  became 
somewhat  skeptical  in  regard  to  the  personality  of 
the  Holy  Spirit.    They  said  in  substance  to  their 


40  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

teachers :  **  You  have  described  to  us  the  won- 
derful workings  among  the  peoples  of  the  West 
of  One  who  is  called  the  Holy  Spirit.  You  tell 
us  how  at  times  His  influence  is  mightily  felt  in 
great  congregations;  how  He  sweeps  the  hearts 
of  people  with  an  invisible  power;  how  great 
numbers  are  overcome  with  the  sense  of  sin,  and 
surrender  their  wills  to  God.  We  have  never 
seen  anything  like  this  in  our  country.  We  think 
there  must  be  some  mistake.  You  must  have 
unintentionally  misled  us  in  regard  to  this  matter. 
Certainly  if  there  be  a  Holy  Spirit  He  can  have 
little  personal  interest  in  the  Japanese."  Along 
with  these  doubts  and  questionings  there  sprang 
up  considerable  skepticism  in  regard  to  the  Word 
of  God ;  and  it  is  needless  to  say  that  this  skep- 
ticism was  accompanied  by  an  increasing  indiffer- 
ence to  spiritual  things,  and  an  intense  religious 
coldness.  The  missionaries  were  deeply  troubled. 
One  of  their  number,  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  D.  Davis, 
wrote  a  number  of  letters  to  colleges  and  theo- 
logical seminaries  in  America,  requesting  special 
prayer  for  the  college  on  the  Day  of  Prayer  for 


STUDENTS'  MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR  EAST   4 1 

Colleges,  in  January.  He  said  nothing  whatever 
to  the  Japanese  about  what  he  had  done.  No 
special  meetings  were  held,  nor  was  anything 
done  in  Kyoto  which  might  account  for  the 
remarkable  scenes  which  followed. 

One  night,  as  the  students  were  gathered  in 
one  of  the  dormitories,  they  fell  into  conversation 
about  Christianity,  as  was  their  custom,  and  be- 
gan to  deplore  the  spiritual  lifelessness  which  per- 
vaded the  institution  and  to  recall  with  yearn- 
ing the  delightful  spiritual  experiences  which  they 
had  formerly  enjoyed.  A  spirit  of  prayer  took 
possession  of  them.  The  influence  extended 
throughout  the  dormitory,  in  which  there  was 
scarcely  any  sleep  during  the  night.  The  un- 
converted were  impressed,  and  before  morning  a 
deep  work  of  grace  had  spread  through  the  col- 
lege. It  continued  for  days  and  weeks,  until 
almost  if  not  quite  every  student  in  the  college 
became  a  professing  Christian.  A  deputation  of 
students  was  sent  among  the  churches  through- 
out the  region,  and  wherever  they  went  they 
kindled  fires.     Never  since  that  memorable  ex- 


42  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MfSSIONS 

perience  has  there  been  any  serious  doubt  in  that 
community  concerning  the  personality  and  work 
of  the  Holy  Spirit.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  letters  received  by  the  colleges  and  semina- 
ries in  America  awakened  deep  interest  in  behalf 
of  the  students  in  the  Doshisha,  and  that  earnest 
prayer  was  offered  in  many  places  for  them. 

A  large  volume  of  church  history  could  be 
composed  of  the  acts  of  Christian  students  and 
the  influence  of  missionary  colleges.  Not  a  sin- 
gle one  of  the  more  than  fifty  graduates  of  the 
college  in  Tungchow,  China,  founded  and  con- 
ducted for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  by  the 
eminent  missionary  Rev.  Dr.  Calvin  W.  Mateer, 
has  left  the  college  unconverted.  These  men 
are,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  filling  places  of 
wide  usefulness,  and  are  making  their  lives  tell 
upon  the  advancement  of  Christianity  in  China. 
Some  of  the  influential  ministers  in  the  churches 
of  India  were  converted  in  the  institutions  founded 
by  the  pioneer  in  Christian  education,  Alexander 
Duff.  It  is  estimated  that  Pasumalai  College,  in 
Madura,  South  India,  has  sent  out  over  five  hun- 


STUDENTS'   MOVEMENTS  IN   THE  FAR  EAST    43 

dred  Christian  workers  during  the  last  half-cen- 
tury. Such  illustrations  as  the  above  leave  little 
doubt  of  the  value  of  Christian  colleges  in  the 
work  of  evangelization,  and  the  desirableness  of 
such  an  organized  movement  as  will  multiply  and 
fortify  these  strongholds  of  defensive  and  ag- 
gressive Christian  warfare. 


IV 


THE  BEGINNING  OF  A  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT 
IN  THE  COLLEGES  OF  MISSION  LANDS 


45 


"  We  need  in  India  the  life,  the  jflre,  the  methods  which  the 
Yotmg  Men's  Christian  Associations  are  giving  to  the  young  men  in 
America.  We  need  organized  effort  all  along  the  line.  In  otcr  great 
cities  there  is  abundance  of  material  to  work  upon  and  to  work 
with.  Our  colleges,  our  universities,  07ir  schools,  all  give  you 
abundant  scope.  Send  tcs  out  one  of  your  best  trained  general 
secretaries;  trained  in  the  school  of  failure  as  well  as  in  that  of 
success,  ihat  we  may  know  that  he  will  endure.  let  hijn  be  a 
man  of  experience  and  spiritual  power,  of  hopefulness  and  tact. 
With  him  send  us  five  other  men  to  be  general  secretaries  in  the 
five  capitals  of  India — Calcutta,  Madras,  Bombay,  Allahabad, 
Lahore.  In  those  cities  they  will  find  universities,  colleges,  high 
schools,  in  all  of  which  there  are  young  men  who  can  be  grouped 
together  in  the  Associations  using  the  English  language. 

"  There  is  no  need  for  organizing  new  societies  to  send  these  men 
forth.  Let  it  be  the  genuine  outgrowth  of  the  Young  JMen's 
Christian  Associations.  Let  each  large  city  Association  support  its 
own  representative  in  some  foreign  field.'''' 

Jacob  Chamberlain. 


46 


IV 


THE  BEGINNING   OF  A    CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT 
IN  THE   COLLEGES   OF  MISSION  LANDS 

Less  than  four  years  after  its  organization  it 
was  believed  and  asserted  that  the  Christian 
movement  in  the  American  colleges  is  too  vast 
in  its  possibihties  for  good  to  be  Hmited  to  any 
country  or  continent,  and  that  the  movement 
which  had  spread  from  Princeton  to  the  leading 
colleges  of  North  America  would  enter  the  old 
universities  of  Europe  and  be  planted  in  the  new 
missionary  and  government  colleges  of  Asia  and 
the  Dark  Continent  and  all  missionary  lands.  It 
did  not  enter  into  the  minds  of  the  most  sanguine 
advocates  of  the  enterprise,  however,  to  conceive 
of  the  rapidity  which  was  destined  to  mark  its 
progress.  While  we  in  America  were  pondering 
the  steps  best  adapted  to  its  introduction  in  the 
47 


48  A  NEJV  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

East,  the  movement  started  almost  spontaneously 
in  Ceylon,  China,  and  Japan.  The  fact  that  the 
movement  in  those  countries  began  under  the 
direction  of  Messrs.  Sanders,  Beach,  and  other 
missionary  teachers  was  an  earnest  of  the  princi- 
pal part  which  the  missionary  body  was  destined 
to  perform  in  extending  it. 

The  encouraging  reports  from  the  newly  or- 
ganized Associations  prepared  the  committee 
intrusted  with  the  supervision  of  the  work  in 
America  to  entertain  a  call  from  the  missionary 
body  in  Madras,  one  of  the  leading  educational 
centers  in  India.  The  steps  leading  up  to  this 
call  so  fully  illustrate  the  need  of  special  evange- 
listic work  among  students,  and  the  adaptation  of 
the  Association  to  the  foreign  field,  that  some 
special  account  of  the  matter  is  important. 

For  several  years  the  missionaries  of  Madras 
had  been  considering  the  expediency  of  securing 
a  missionary  to  the  students  of  the  city.  While 
there  was  general  agreement  that  an  important 
field  was  thus  presented,  and  one  in  great  need 
of  cultivation,  it  was  difficult  to  determine  the 


BEGINNINGS  IN  MISSION  LANDS  49 

auspices  under  which  the  new  missionary  should 
work.  If  he  should  come  as  the  representative 
of  any  single  missionary  society  he  might  not  be 
equally  acceptable  to  all  of  the  denominational 
colleges.  His  supposed  sympathies  and  affilia- 
tions with  the  college  connected  with  the  denom- 
ination whose  board  he  represented  might  act  as 
a  limitation  upon  his  broadest  usefulness.  While 
this  question  was  pending,  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent members  of  the  missionary  body  in  southern 
India,  Rev.  Dr.  Jacob  Chamberlain,  visited  Amer- 
ica, and  by  Mr.  Moody's  invitation  attended  the 
Students'  Summer  School  at  Northfield,  the  most 
representative  assembly  of  the  American  student 
movement.  Dr.  Chamberlain  was  impressed  with 
the  idea  that  the  International  Committee  of 
Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  under  whose 
leadership  the  American  movement  had  devel- 
oped, was  the  agency  of  supervision  best  suited 
to  the  promotion  of  a  similar  movement  among 
the  students  of  Madras  and  other  educational 
centers  in  India.  He  accordingly  presented  the 
subject  to  the  assembly  at  Northfield,  and  later 


50  A  hlEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

to  the  Committee  in  New  York.  Upon  his  return 
to  India  the  matter  was  fully  discussed  by  the 
missionary  conference  in  Madras,  and  an  appeal 
was  made  to  the  American  Committee  to  send 
a  man  to  India  to  inaugurate  and  permanently 
direct  the  work.  The  Committee  took  counsel 
with  secretaries  of  the  leading  missionary  boards 
and  prominent  missionaries  in  this  country,  all  of 
whom  strongly  approved  the  enterprise.  Intima- 
tions were  also  received  that  other  student  centers 
in  Asia  would  call  for  similar  work. 

The  spontaneity  which  distinguished  the  be- 
ginning of  the  movement  in  the  East,  the  calls  of 
missionaries,  and  the  indorsement  of  the  secre- 
taries of  church  boards  were  recognized  as  very 
strong  guarantees  of  the  feasibility  of  the  move- 
ment. It  was  felt,  however,  that  nothing  short 
of  a  thorough  tour  of  investigation  could  furnish 
sufficient  information  to  impart  confidence  in  the 
enterprise  to  those  who  should  be  asked  to  go  to 
the  front  and  those  who  should  be  looked  to  for 
the  financial  support  of  the  work.  The  writer 
was  accordingly  appointed  to   make  a  tour  of 


BEGINNINGS  IN  MISSION  LANDS  51 

investigation.  The  tour  consumed  nearly  four 
years,  and  embraced  Japan,  China,  Malaysia, 
Siam,  Burmah,  Ceylon,  India,  Arabia,  Syria,  the 
Caucasus,  Persia,  Kurdistan,  Asia  Minor,  Cyprus, 
Egypt,  and  the  mission  fields  in  eastern  Europe. 
Two  hundred  and  sixteen  mission  stations  in 
twenty  mission  lands  were  visited.  The  tour 
embraced  not  only  points  adjacent  to  the  coast, 
but  was  extended  to  the  interior,  the  latter  in- 
volving overland  travel  in  the  saddle  and  oriental 
conveyances  as  far  as  from  Boston  to  San  Fran- 
cisco. One  such  journey  of  over  a  thousand 
miles  was  made,  the  route  being  from  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Russia  across  northwestern  Per- 
sia, Kurdistan,  and  Asia  Minor  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Over  a  thousand  missionaries  were  met 
personally,  besides  several  hundred  who  were 
publicly  addressed.  Thousands  of  students  were 
addressed  publicly  and  hundreds  conversed  with 
at  the  leading  educational  centers  in  the  East. 
Interviews  were  held  with  oriental  business  men, 
government  officials,  pastors,  and  church  mem- 
bers.    No  pains  were  spared  to  get  at  the  exact 


52  A  NEW  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

facts  concerning  the  condition  of  the  new  church 
in  Asia  and  the  ripeness  of  the  time  for  the  or- 
ganization of  this  new  form  of  Christian  enter- 
prise. 

The  difficulties  involved  in  such  an  enterprise 
are  stupendous— such  as  can  be  overcome  only 
through  an  omnipotent,  omnipresent  Leader.  The 
first  stage  in  the  enterprise  consists  in  evangeliz- 
ing many  of  the  higher  educational  institutions 
in  foreign  mission  lands.  These  contain  not  far 
from  a  half-milHon  students,  less  than  ten  thou- 
sand of  whom,  probably,  are  professing  Chris- 
tians. The  following  are  among  the  difficulties 
which  are  a  hindrance  to  the  conversion  of  the 
students.  While  modern  culture  has  largely  dis- 
possessed them  of  their  old  faiths,  they  are  so 
chagrined  to  find  that  their  fathers  have  for  gen- 
erations been  deluded  by  false  religions  that  they 
are  exceedingly  distrustful  of  all  supernatural- 
ism;  they  are  so  absorbed  in  the  acquisition  of 
an  education — which  in  many  cases  is  a  passport 
to  remunerative  employment — that  they  in  many 
instances  frankly  declare  that  they  have  no  time 


BEGINNINGS  IN  MISSION  LANDS  53 

to  investigate  Christianity;  their  tendency  to 
skepticism  is  strengthened  by  the  materiaHsm 
which  is  setting  in  upon  them  Hke  a  flood  from 
the  West.  They  will  not  wait  upon  the  slow 
pace  with  which  we  are  now  approaching  them 
with  the  gospel.  They  will  make  an  irrevocable 
decision  soon.  It  is  now  or  never  for  this  gener- 
ation of  the  educated  young  men  in  the  far  East. 
There  are  special  hindrances  in  the  way  of  the 
acceptance  of  the  gospel  by  the  young  men  of 
India,  among  which  are  caste,  the  breaking  of 
which  involves  a  degree  of  social  ostracism  of 
which  an  Occidental  can  form  no  conception ;  the 
cares  of  this  world — very  many  students  have 
wives  and  children,  whose  support  devolves  upon 
them,  and  they  are  pushing  their  way  through 
college  as  rapidly  as  possible  in  order  that  they 
may  secure  remunerative  employment;  a  degree 
of  intellectual  conceit  which  is  the  invariable 
accompaniment  of  a  Httle  knowledge;  natural 
antagonism  to  the  religion  of  a  people  whose  an- 
cestors were  savages  centuries  after  theirs  were 
enjoying  a  considerable  degree   of  civilization; 


54  A  ^EW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

an  especial  aversion  to  the  religion  of  their  con- 
querors, who  they  are  unable  to  see  are  their  best 
friends ;  the  demoralizing  influence  of  dissipated 
foreign  residents,  whom  they  are  too  willing  to 
regard  as  types  of  western  Christianity;  the 
narrowing  effects  of  the  inheritance  of  centuries 
of  superstition  and  oppression  of  the  Brahman 
priesthood,  compared  with  which  that  of  Rome 
is  insignificant. 

There  are,  however,  certain  conditions  favora- 
ble to  the  reception  of  Christianity  by  the  students 
of  Asia,  if  propagated  by  students  from  the  West. 
It  is  something  to  have  had  the  stone  of  supersti- 
tion rolled  away  by  the  hand  of  higher  culture. 
They  are  becoming  deeply  interested  in  the  prob- 
lems of  self-government,  especially  in  India  and 
Japan,  and  are  impressed  by  the  fact  that  Chris- 
tianity alone  is  the  religion  of  self-governing  peo- 
ples. They  are  kindly  disposed  toward  western 
students.  The  latter  have  given  them  their  highly 
valued  educational  systems  and  many  eminent 
educators,  and  they  are  not  unwilling  to  hear 
what  we   have   to  say  in   defense  of  a   religion 


BEGINNINGS  IN  MISSION  LANDS  55 

whose  strongholds  are  our  universities.  The  ho- 
mogeneity of  the  student  world  is  a  fact  of  deep 
significance.  Oriental  and  occidental  students 
are  more  aHke  than  unlike.  This  is  largely  at- 
tributable to  the  fact  that  the  new  educational 
systems  of  the  Orient  were  established,  and  are 
still  in  many  cases  directed,  by  western  educa- 
tors. Social  and  religious  movements  may  there- 
fore be  expected  to  spread  from  students  of  the 
West  to  those  of  the  East  more  readily  than  from 
any  other  class  in  the  West  to  the  correspond- 
ing class  in  the  East.  When  Christianity  is  once 
firmly  intrenched  in  the  student  hfe  of  Asia,  the 
spirit  of  conservatism  which  so  strongly  marks 
oriental  character  will  help  to  hold  it  there. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  MOVEMENT 


57 


"  There  is  still  another  contingent  appearing  in  view  which  bids 
fair  to  double  our  working  force.  When  the  late  Earl  of  Beacons - 
field  was  in  power,  and  the  nations  of  Europe  were  in  a  state  of 
feverish  excitement  over  the  Eastern  Question  and  the  probability 
of  a  general  war,  a  startling  sensation  was  produced  by  the  sudden 
appearance  of  a  body  of  Indian  sepoys  on  the  island  of  Cyprus.  They 
were  few  in  nutnber,  and  the  exact  military  duty  which  they  were 
to  perform  was  not  at  all  apparent,  but  their  somewhat  dramatic 
appearance  tipon  the  great  Eujvpean  war-stage  was  quickly  inter- 
preted. It  was  Lord  Beaconsfield  ''s  method  of  re??iinding  Europe 
that  England  had  an  immense  military  reserve  force  in  the  per- 
sons of  her  Indian  army  of  several  hundred  thousand  men.  Europe 
had  knoivn  of  this  force  before,  but  had  never  realized  what  it  meant 
till  those  sepoys  came  through  the  Suez  Canal  and  landed  in  Cyprus. 
In  like  manner,  as  %ve  sit  down  to  number  our  forces  at  the  begin- 
ning of  this  new  missionary  era  it  is  btit  fitting  that  we  include 
the  workers  raised  up  fro7n  the  converts  in  our  mission  fields.  How 
many  are  there?  Over  fifty  thousand  !  Five  times  as  many 
as  all  the  missionaries  sent  out  from  Christian  lands  combined/ 
And  this  proportion  is  destined  to  increase  steadily.  The  fifty  thou- 
sand will  be  one  hmidred  thousand  long  before  the  close  of  the  first 
half  of  the  coming  century.  Compare  this  with  one  hundred  years 
ago,  and  the  difference  is  simply  amazing.  William  Carey  had  to 
%uait  years  before  he  had  ONE  convert;  his  successors  to-day  find 
themselves  surrounded  and  supported  by  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  Christian  brethren,  ready  to  assist  them  in  their  work,  or  to  even 
go  before  them  and  pioneer  their  difficult  way.''"' 

Bishop  J.  M.  Thoburn. 


58 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  MOVEMENT 

The  following  are  but  a  few  of  many  facts, 
either  heard  or  witnessed  during  the  tour  of  in- 
vestigation, which  support  the  belief  of  the  mis- 
sionaries that  now  is  the  accepted  time  for  a 
united,  wide-spread,  and  aggressive  Christian 
movement  among  the  students  in  foreign  mission 
lands. 

In  the  first  place,  Christianity  is  firmly  in- 
trenched in  nearly  all  of  the  Christian  colleges  of 
Japan,  China,  Burmah,  Ceylon,  Persia,  Turkey, 
Egypt,  and  in  some  of  those  in  India.  As  a 
rule,  the  majority  of  the  students  in  the  Christian 
colleges  in  all  of  these  countries  except  India  are 
Christian  communicants.  It  may  be  said  that 
this  is  to  be  expected.  Very  true ;  but  this  is  a 
fact  which  cannot  be  affirmed  of  the  Christian 
59 


6o  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

colleges  in  America  at  the  beginning  of  the  pres- 
ent century. 

Again,  Christianity  has  made  some  progress  in 
the  government  colleges.  The  number  of  Chris- 
tians in  at  least  seven  of  the  government  schools 
in  Japan  was  found  to  be  greater  than  the  num- 
ber in  our  leading  Christian  colleges  in  America 
a  century  ago.  Careful  inquiry  in  1889  revealed 
the  fact  that  one  fourteenth  of  the  three  thousand 
students  in  the  seven  most  prominent  government 
colleges  in  Japan  were  Christian  men. 

There  was  a  surprising  readiness  on  the  part 
of  students  to  investigate  the  evidences  for  the 
deity  of  Jesus.  Notwithstanding  the  skepticism 
or  indifference  with  which  many  regard  the  Bible 
as  only  one  of  the  many  sacred  books  of  the 
East,  notwithstanding  the  disposition  to  rule  out 
its  miracles  as  little  if  any  better  than  the  su- 
pernatural events  reported  in  their  own  religious 
writings,  they  cannot  rule  out  of  history  its  one 
great  outstanding  personality,  Jesus  Christ.  Even 
in  the  conception  of  many  who  distrust  the  Bible, 
He  towers  as  high  above  all  other  Orientals  as 


PROGRESS   OF   THE  MOVEMENT  6 1 

the  snows  on  Mount  Everest  tower  above  the 
plains  of  Bengal.  Especially  is  this  true  of  Japan- 
ese students.  A  book  entitled  *'  The  Christ  of 
History,"  by  John  Young,  of  Edinburgh,  con- 
taining an  inimitable  inductive  argument  for  the 
deity  of  Jesus,  was  translated  into  Japanese  and 
published  in  1889.  It  was  eagerly  read  by  a  large 
number  of  educated  young  men.  The  addresses 
delivered  by  Professor  Ladd  in  Japan,  and  by 
Joseph  Cook,  President  Seelye,  and  Rev.  Dr. 
George  F.  Pentecost  in  India,  were  attended  by 
great  crowds  of  the  highly  educated  classes. 
The  time  is  ripe  for  the  frequent  repetition  of 
such  courses  of  lectures. 

There  was  a  marked  readiness  on  the  part  of 
students — especially  in  Japan — which  has  been 
rarely  equaled  in  America,  to  respond  to  the  ap- 
peal to  accept  Christ  as  Lord  and  Saviour.  The 
following  instances  of  evangelistic  meetings  in 
colleges  leave  no  doubt  that  the  Holy  Spirit  is 
ready  to  do  His  mighty  office-work  among  the 
highly  educated  young  men  of  the  far  East. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  evangelistic 


62  A   NEIV  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

work  demanded  in  many  universities  preliminary 
to  the  organization  of  aggressive  Christian  work 
by  the  students  will  accomplish  definite  and 
marked  results. 

Immediately  upon  arriving  in  Japan  several 
weeks  were  spent  in  the  Doshisha  in  Kyoto,  con- 
ducting a  series  of  meetings  in  company  with 
Mr.  J.  T.  Swift,  of  Yale,  who  had  gone  to  Japan 
to  engage  in  Christian  work  among  students  and 
other  young  men.  The  general  method  employed 
was  quite  similar  to  that  followed  in  an  Ameri- 
can college.  The  most  influential  students  were 
met,  and  made  acquainted  with  the  fundamen- 
tal methods  pursued  by  students  in  the  West  in 
promoting  a  series  of  evangelistic  meetings  in 
college.  The  importance  of  much  prayer  and 
thoroughly  systematized  personal  work  was 
urged.  The  Doshisha  students  heartily  adopted 
the  suggestions,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  more 
persistent  or  effective  personal  work  was  ever 
done  in  an  American  college  than  in  Kyoto  dur- 
ing those  days.  Public  meetings  were  held  every 
day  to  present  such  fundamental  subjects  as  are 


PROGRESS   OF   THE  MOVEMENT  63 

usually  discussed  in  evangelistic  services.  Infor- 
mal meetings  for  conversation  were  held  daily, 
attended  by  large  numbers  of  non- Christian  stu- 
dents. While  the  public  addresses  and  conver- 
sations partook  more  of  an  apologetic  nature  than 
would  be  called  for  in  dealing  with  those  who 
have  been  reared  in  Christian  homes,  the  subjects 
chiefly  discussed  were  those  bearing  directly  upon 
the  programme  of  redemption. 

At  the  close  of  the  series  of  meetings,  after 
careful  examination,  a  hundred  and  three  students 
were  received  into  the  college  church  by  baptism. 
Forty  more  came  in  at  the  succeeding  com- 
munion. 

After  a  similar  series  of  meetings  in  Union 
College,  Tokyo,  thirty  students  confessed  Christ. 
Twenty-five  students  of  the  school  in  Kumamoto 
did  the  same.  There  were  also  conversions  in 
Osaka,  Kobe,  Sendai,  and  other  educational 
centers.  After  a  week's  meetings  in  the  Metho- 
dist College  in  Foochow,  China,  seven  students 
were  received  into  the  Church.  There  were  also 
conversions  in  colleges  visited  in  India,  Ceylon, 


64  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

and  Asia  Minor.  In  a  word,  the  mere  evan- 
gelistic results  following  a  single  tour  among  the 
higher  educational  institutions  of  Asia  were  suffi- 
cient to  justify  the  belief  that  a  wide-spread, 
well-organized  movement  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Association,  conducted  by  the  students  them- 
selves, will  yield  abundant  results. 

The  students  in  foreign  mission  lands  have  the 
capacity  for  organizing  and  conducting  aggressive 
Christian  work  in  college  and  also  among  their 
people  outside  of  college  life.  They  have  a 
genius  for  organization.  They  have  displayed 
this  by  the  thoroughness  with  which  they  have 
permanently  maintained  their  work.  At  least 
forty-five  colleges  in  Asia  and  on  the  mission 
fields  of  Europe,  Africa,  and  South  America  have 
Young  Men's  Christian  Associations.  Japan  alone 
has  fifteen,  eleven  of  which  are  in  government 
colleges,  among  whose  students  the  Association 
was  the  first  Christian  agency  to  find  an  entrance. 

The  most  thoroughly  organized  association 
visited  is  located  in  the  college  in  Tungchou,  near 
Peking.    The  following  departments  of  work  were 


PROGRESS   OF   THE  MOVEMENT  65 

apparently  as  well  conducted  as  one  ordinarily 
finds  them  in  an  American  college.  A  Bible  class 
was  faithfully  maintained.  Very  special  attention 
was  given  to  personal  work,  a  committee  being 
intrusted  with  the  responsibility  of  seeing  that 
every  incoming  student  was  surrounded  with 
Christian  companionship  and  was  fully  instructed 
in  the  truths  of  Christianity.  The  association 
also  carefully  provided  that  gentlemen  visiting 
the  college  should  be  made  acquainted  with  the 
salient  facts  of  the  gospel.  Meetings  for  the 
men  of  the  city  were  conducted  by  the  students 
in  street  chapels.  Finding  it  difficult  to  attract 
to  these  meetings  many  of  the  better  classes,  the 
students  established  a  series  of  stereopticon  en- 
tertainments of  a  somewhat  secular  but  chiefly 
religious  character,  which  drew  such  large  audi- 
ences that  tickets  had  to  be  distributed  to  avoid 
overcrowding  the  college  chapel.  In  this  way 
some  of  the  most  respectable  gentlemen  of  the 
city  were  instructed  in  the  facts  and  principles  of 
Christianity.  The  students  are  now  using  the 
stereopticon  in  evangelistic  work  in  the  neighbor- 


66  A   NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

ing  villages.  The  most  impressive  feature  of 
their  work,  however,  was  the  foreign  missionary- 
department.  It  would  seem  that,  with  only  forty- 
thousand  Protestant  Christians  and  a  population 
approaching  four  hundred  millions,  the  Christian 
students  of  China  have  a  home  missionary  prob- 
lem quite  sufficient  to  fully  tax  all  their  resources. 
The  new  hearts  which  the  students  in  Tungchou 
have  received,  however,  are  too  large  to  be  filled 
even  with  the  four  hundred  millions  of  China.  In 
their  new  birth  they  seem  to  have  inherited  the 
nature  of  Him  who  *'  so  loved  the  world,  that  He 
gave  His  only  begotten  Son,  that  whosoever  be- 
lieveth  on  Him  should  not  perish,  but  have  ever- 
lasting life."  Their  sympathies  reach  out  to  the 
people  of  other  lands,  and  every  month  they 
meet  not  only  to  pray,  **  Thy  kingdom  come," 
but  to  learn  of  the  progress  of  His  kingdom 
throughout  the  world.  In  other  words,  they 
maintain  a  regular  foreign  missionary  meeting. 
Their  missionary  studies  have  deeply  interested 
them  in  Africa,  especially  in  the  Zulus,  who,  they 
think,  are  in  an  even  more  degraded  condition  than 


PROGRESS   OF   THE  MOVEMENT  6j 

their  own  countrymen.  They  have  for  a  number 
of  years  been  supporting  a  Zulu  student  in  a 
school  in  Natal,  preparing  him  for  a  Hfe  of  Chris- 
tian service  among  his  people.  So  they  have 
added  to  their  prayers  an  intelligent  study  of  the 
fields,  and  to  their  study  a  generous  support  of 
the  work ;  and  their  generosity  has  cost  them  far 
greater  self-sacrifice  than  that  of  any  college  com- 
munity in  America  or  that  of  any  church  of  which 
we  have  knowledge.  If  the  American  and  Euro- 
pean students  would  give  out  of  their  abundance 
upon  the  scale  of  liberality  adopted  by  those 
Chinese  students  out  of  their  bitter  poverty,  all 
of  the  money  needed  for  the  extension  of  this 
student  movement  throughout  the  world  would 
be  speedily  forthcoming.  One  seldom  hears  of 
students  in  Christian  lands  reducing  the  scale  of 
their  living-expenses  in  order  that  they  may  give 
to  the  support  of  the  gospel  even  in  the  home 
land ;  but  here  is  an  instance  of  Chinese  students 
actually  limiting  their  already  meager  supply  of 
food  In  order  that  they  may  give  the  bread  of  life 
to  foreigners  whom  they  have  never  seen.     Here 


68  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

is  afforded  one  offsetting  influence  which  is  big 
with  promise  for  the  future  of  the  foreign-hating 
Chinese.  Is  not  this  incident  prophetic  of  the  in- 
fluence of  that  remarkable  people?  Will  not  the 
Church  of  the  Chinese,  the  colonizing  people  of 
Asia,  be  a  missionary  Church?  Napoleon  said, 
"  Whoever  moves  China  will  move  the  world." 
Christ  is  moving  China,  and  already  a  little  sec- 
tion of  China  is  beginning  to  move  a  section  of 
the  Dark  Continent.  Do  we  transcend  the  limits 
of  our  theme  ?  The  object  of  this  monograph  is 
to  interest  the  Church  in  a  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  for  Home  Missions  in  foreign  mission 
lands.  The  simple  narrative  of  the  facts,  how- 
ever, has  broadened  into  foreign  mission  channels. 
We  do  not  fear,  however,  that  the  foreign  mission 
zeal  already  kindled  in  China  or  in  Japan — whose 
people  are  now  planning  to  send  missionaries  to 
Korea — will  in  any  wise  diminish  the  work  at 
home.  **  The  light  that  shines  the  farthest  shines 
the  brightest  near  at  hand." 

Another  incident  also  fully  illustrates  the  or- 
ganizing   capacity  of  Asiatic   students   and  the 


PROGRESS   OF  THE  MOVEMENT  69 

home  missionary  significance  of  this  movement. 
The  first  College  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation in  Asia  was  organized  in  1884,  in  Jaffna 
College,  Ceylon.  Since  the  beginning  the  stu- 
dents have  done  a  faithful  and  effective  work.  In 
addition  to  the  several  departments  of  work 
usually  pertaining  to  the  organization,  they  have 
undertaken  the  evangelization  of  a  neighboring 
island,  where  there  was  not  a  single  Christian 
when  they  commenced  operations.  One  of  their 
number  was  appointed  missionary,  a  school  was 
estabhshed,  and  public  Christian  services  were 
opened.  Once  a  year  the  students  visit  the  isl- 
and and  converse  personally  with  every  one  of 
the  few  hundred  inhabitants  in  regard  to  Chris- 
tianity. The  work  is  supported  largely  by  the 
students,  who  contribute  not  only  money,  but 
reserve  one  tenth  of  their  supply  of  rice,  which 
they  sell,  and  apply  the  proceeds  to  the  mission 
work.  This  not  proving  sufficient,  they  have 
engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  a  banana-garden. 
A  committee  of  twelve  students  is  appointed  to 
work   in  the    garden   an    hour  a  day  for  three 


70  A   NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

months.  It  was  a  deeply  interesting  experience 
to  walk  through  the  beautiful  grove,  the  fruit  of 
whose  trees  is  for  the  healing  of  their  people,  and 
watch  those  earnest  students  at  work  drawing 
water  from  the  wells  and  filling  the  trenches. 
The  whole  year's  work  only  yielded  twenty 
dollars;  but  for  the  sake  of  that  amount  those 
men  gave  up  their  recreation  and  worked  steadily 
for  three  months,  in  order  that  their  people  might 
hear  the  gospel.  Are  not  such  men  deserving  of 
our  sympathy  and  our  help?  If  the  students  of 
one  of  our  leading  colleges  would  practise  the 
self-denial  of  those  Ceylonese  students  they  could 
support  the  man  for  whom  those  students  are  so 
eagerly  waiting  to  help  them  in  the  development 
of  this  movement  throughout  their  island. 

The  vanguard  of  this  movement  is  now  en- 
camping before  the  Jericho  of  modern  missions, 
the  universities  of  India.  We  do  not  say  the 
Gibraltar  of  missions,  for  that  term  implies  Im- 
pregnability, which  we  are  not  prepared  to  con- 
cede. We  say  the  Jericho  of  missions,  first, 
because  the  Church  has  been  marching  around 


PROGRESS   OF  THE  MOVEMENT  71 

the  fortress  for  six  decades  of  years;  second, 
because  the  same  doom  awaits  the  walls  of  high 
caste  encompassing  the  educated  classes  of  India 
which  befell  the  old  city  by  the  Jordan.  India's 
Jericho  will  fall.  It  will  fall  if  we  have  to  march 
around  it  six  more  decades  of  years. 

The  number  of  educated  young  men  of  India 
is  estimated  by  millions.  The  subversion  of  their 
behef  in  the  so-called  scientific  teachings  of  their 
old  sacred  books  has  been  speedily  followed  by 
a  distrust  of  the  religious  teachings  of  those 
books.  The  success  which  has  marked  the  intro- 
duction of  this  movement  in  other  eastern  na- 
tions is  alone  sufficient  to  justify  the  attempt  to 
introduce  it  in  India.  The  great  need  for  such  a 
movement  is  also  an  argument  for  it  sufficient 
in  itself.  The  reception  given  to  the  messengers 
of  the  movement,  Messrs.  McConaughy,  White, 
Davis,  and  Stockwell,  is  a  further  indication  of 
the  ripeness  of  the  time  for  the  introduction  of 
the  enterprise.  Equally  warm  was  the  reception 
given  to  Messrs.  Swift  and  Miller  in  Japan,  and 
to  Mr.  Clark  in  Brazil. 


72  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

It  was  the  writer's  privilege  to  cooperate  with 
Mr.  McConaughy  in  introducing  this  work  to  the 
students  of  India.  The  first  work  consisted  in  a 
series  of  meetings  in  the  various  colleges  of 
Madras,  which  were  addressed  as  follows : 

"Fellow-students:  Thirty  centuries  ago 
our  Aryan  fathers  dwelt  together  as  brothers  in  the 
same  tents  upon  the  table-lands  of  central  Asia. 
After  many  centuries  of  fellowship  they  separated. 
Our  fathers  journeyed  westward  and  overspread 
Europe,  and  finally  reached  the  then  undiscov- 
ered country,  America.  Your  fathers  journeyed 
down  the  slopes  of  the  Himalayas  and  peopled 
Hindustan.  We  have  come  to  know  in  recent 
years  that  we  are  brothers — that  the  same  racial 
blood  unites  us ;  and  we  have  had  a  great  long- 
ing to  see  you  and  renew  the  old  associations 
which  our  fathers  had  in  their  tent  life  a  hundred 
generations  ago.  We  wish  to  share  with  you  all 
that  we  have  learned  during  the  long  separation 
of  our  people.  The  best  thing  which  we  can 
bring  back  to  you  is  a  share  in  the  priceless  gift 
which  Asia's  young  men  sent  to  our  fathers  many 


PROGRESS    OF   THE  MOVEMENT  73 

centuries  ago.  Some  of  you  have  already  had 
your  Hves  enriched  by  this  rare  treasure.  We 
long  to  see  all  of  our  kindred  in  possession  of  it. 
We  come  especially  to  tell  you  how  the  life  of 
that  peerless  Man  who  lived  and  died  and  rose 
again  on  the  western  coast  of  your  continent  is 
the  inspiration  of  the  college  life  of  the  West; 
how  a  great  passion  has  taken  hold  upon  students 
in  America  and  Europe  to  extend  the  influence 
of  that  life  unto  the  uttermost  parts  of  the 
earth.  Will  you  not  join  us  in  this  purpose  and 
endeavor? " 

Never  were  messengers  more  warmly  received. 
A  large  meeting  of  the  students  was  held  in  one 
of  the  largest  halls  in  the  city.  The  meeting  was 
opened  with  singing  *'  All  hail  the  power  of  Jesus* 
name !  "  As  the  Indian  students  sang  it  that  night 
to  the  grand  old  English  tune,  and  the  words  of 
the  magnificent  climax  rang  out : 

"Crown  Him!    crown  Him!   crown  Him! 
Crown  Him  Lord  of  all!  " 

it  was  a  shout  of  triumph.  It  recalled  the  scene 
of  Cromwell's  soldiers  singing  as  they  went  into 


74  ^  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

battle ;  and  one  felt  that  if  India's  leading  young 
men  would  enter  the  great  spiritual  conflict  before 
them  with  the  faith  and  courage  of  the  old  Iron- 
sides the  battle  would  be  short  and  the  victory  sure. 
The  time  would  fail  to  fully  tell  of  the  begin- 
ning of  this  movement  in  other  mission  lands.  It 
has  reached  the  Christian  college  in  Rangoon, 
Burmah,  and  in  Oroomiah,  Persia.  Students  in 
Bitlis — a  remote  mountain  town  in  Kurdistan — 
have  answered  the  call  of  their  fellow-students  in 
the  West  An  association  has  been  organized 
near  the  ancient  Euphrates  in  Harpoot;  others 
near  the  mountain  wall  of  northern  Syria  in  Ma- 
rash  and  Aintab ;  another  in  Tarsus,  where  Gama- 
liel's famous  student  was  born  and  began  his 
scholarly  career;  another  in  Robert  College  on 
the  Bosporus;  another  in  Beirut  under  the 
shadow  of  snowy  Lebanon ;  another  on  the  walls 
of  Jerusalem  in  the  school  named  after  Bishop 
Gobat;  and  others  in  far-off  southern  Africa, 
Bulgaria,  and  Chili.  The  recital  of  the  achieve- 
ments of  these  groups  of  consecrated  college  men 
would  in  the  main  be  but  a  repetition  of  what 


PROGRESS   OF   THE  MOVEMENT  75 

has  been  already  related.  The  aim  of  all  is  one, 
the  methods  are  uniform,  and  the  results  have 
far  exceeded  the  anticipations  of  the  warmest 
advocates  of  the  enterprise. 

The  readiness  of  the  students  in  mission  lands 
for  national  organization  in  order  to  realize  the 
advantages  of  intercollegiate  cooperation  is  one 
of  the  most  encouraging  evidences  of  their  capa- 
city for  the  conduct  of  independent,  self-support- 
ing enterprises.  The  first  national  conference  of 
students  in  Asia  was  attended  by  the  writer  in 
Kyoto,  Japan,  in  the  summer  of  1889.  Five 
hundred  men  were  present,  representing  ten  gov- 
ernment and  twelve  Christian  colleges.  An  an- 
nual conference  has  been  held  in  Japan  ever  since, 
and  there  are  now  two  conferences,  the  second 
one  on  the  southern  island.  The  gathering  of 
1893  was  attended  by  six  hundred  persons — a 
larger  number  than  has  ever  been  present  at  any 
student  convention  in  the  West  excepting  the  con- 
ventions of  the  Student  Missionary  Volunteers  in 
America.  Steps  are  now  being  taken  in  Japan 
toward  permanent  national  organization,  which 


6  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 


it  is  intended  shall  unite  both  the  student  and 
city  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations.  India 
has  had  a  national  union,  with  annual  conven- 
tions and  an  executive  committee,  since  1891. 
Ceylon  has  a  provincial  union.  Conferences  have 
been  held  in  Persia  and  Asia  Minor.  During  the 
past  six  years  there  have  been  eighteen  confer- 
ences in  Asia,  attended  by  at  least  three  thousand 
educated  young  men  representing  more  than  fifty 
colleges.  The  influences  proceeding  from  such 
gatherings  along  the  lives  of  such  men  are  simply 
incalculable. 

The  results  of  the  movement  have  been  pretty 
fully  indicated  already.  If  a  summary  is  called 
for,  it  may  be  stated  on  the  most  reliable  author- 
ity that  since  1889  over  three  hundred  students 
have  professed  conversion,  including  Japanese, 
Chinese,  Ceylonese,  Indians,  and  Armenians ;  a 
number  of  students  have  already  been  influenced 
to  enter  the  ministry,  and  many  more  have  ex- 
pressed and  also  indicated  a  determination  to 
make  the  Christianization  of  their  people  the 
chief  aim  of  their  lives. 


VI 


ELEMENTS  OF  PERMANENCE  IN  THE 
MOVEMENT 


77 


^^  One  of  the  most  vnportant  things  to  secure  harmony  in  the 
mission  field  is  that  the  various  missionary  societies,  when  they  are 
acting  in  the  same  place,  should  have  some  common  work.  Those 
who  are  engaged  in  the  same  place  and  are  interested  in  the  same 
object  are  drawn  together  powerfully,  so  that  there  is  very  much 
less  danger  of  their  clashing  or  of  any  disharmony  arising  between 
them.  Those  who  have  some  one  thing,  however  simple  it  is,  in 
which  they  all  have  a  comuion  interest,  are  most  likely  to  feel  that 
they  are  servants  of  a  common  Lord,  and  to  harmonize  in  all  that 
they  do:' 

Principal  Miller,  Madras  Christian  College. 


78 


VI 


ELEMENTS  OF  PERMANENCE  IN  THE  MOVE- 
MENT 

Will  this  movement  last?  Will  it  endure 
long  enough  to  exert  the  vast  influence  and  effect 
the  results  which  it  now  promises  to  yield?  An 
affirmative  answer  to  the  question  is  grounded, 
first,  upon  certain  well-ascertained  characteristics 
of  the  better  classes  of  the  eastern  people,  from 
which  the  students  chiefly  come.  These  charac- 
teristics, which  have  their  roots  in  the  very  nature 
of  the  people,  will  be  vastly  developed  by  Chris- 
tianity. 

One  of  the  native  characteristics  referred  to  is 
aggressiveness.  This  is  especially  exemplified  by 
the  Japanese.  Where  is  the  nation  in  all  history 
which  has  more  fully  illustrated  this  trait?  The 
national  upheaval  which  restored  the  government 
79 


8o  A   NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

of  the  empire  to  the  Mikado  is  called  in  Japan 
"a  school-boys'  revolution."  The  Chinese  have 
also  displayed  this  characteristic  in  marked  de- 
gree by  their  emigrating  habits.  The  Tamils  of 
southern  India  and  Ceylon  are  called  "  the  Scotch 
of  the  Orient,"  because  of  this  spirit  displayed  in 
their  business  enterprises.  The  Armenians  could 
not  keep  the  Eastern  question  so  prominently  be- 
fore the  attention  of  Europe  but  for  this  quality. 

Persistence  has  certainly  been  exhibited  by  the 
Japanese  in  all  their  political,  commercial,  and  re- 
ligious movements.  It  is  this  trait  in  the  Chinese 
which  drives  to  the  wall  so  many  who  compete 
with  them  in  commerce.  It  is  commonly  said  of 
a  Tamil  that  if  he  asks  you  to  do  him  a  favor  you 
may  as  well  yield  at  once,  for  he  will  never  let 
you  off.  The  Armenians  could  never  have  sur- 
vived the  oppression  of  the  most  abominable 
government  of  modern  times  but  for  a  deathless 
tenacity  to  their  faith  akin  to  that  which  car- 
ried Israel  through  and  out  of  bondage  to  the 
Pharaohs. 

Intensity  of  conviction  must  be  a  ruling  charac- 


ELEMENTS   OF  PERMANENCE  8l 

teristic  of  a  people  whose  Christian  faith  endures 
the  ordeal  of  persecution  by  imprisonment,  by 
bodily  torture,  by  ostracism  in  business,  by  disin- 
heritance, by  many  other  kinds  of  living  martyr- 
dom, and  even  by  the  martyr's  death.  "  Will 
these  men  stand  the  fire  of  persecution  with 
which  the  infant  Church  will  be  baptized  ?  "  asked 
the  writer  as  he  met  for  the  last  time  with  a  little 
company  of  Chinese  students  with  whom  for  sev- 
eral days  he  had  enjoyed  a  closeness  of  compan- 
ionship which  made  his  visit  to  their  college 
like  'Mays  of  heaven  on  earth."  **Yes,"  was 
the  reply,  *'  they  will  stand.  That  young  man," 
pointing  to  the  leader,  **  first  heard  the  gospel 
when  he  was  twelve  or  thirteen  years  old.  He 
was  so  charmed  with  the  story  that  he  went  again 
and  again  to  hear  the  preaching.  His  elder 
brother,  the  head  of  the  family,  forbade  his  go- 
ing, and  on  his  return  from  the  meetings  had  him 
tied  up  and  beaten  unmercifully.  Punishment, 
however,  could  not  deter  him,  so  his  brother 
finally  disinherited  him  and  drove  him  from 
home.     He  made  his  way  to  our  school,  and  has 


82  A  hlEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

been  the  very  hope  and  pride  of  the  institution. 
He  has  been  the  leader  in  all  aggressive  Christian 
work  among  the  students.  Yes,  these  men  will 
stand."  Such  cases  could  be  indefinitely  multi- 
plied. 

One  very  noticeable  evidence  that  the  Holy 
Spirit  abounds  in  the  lives  of  oriental  Christians  is 
their  prayerfulness.  This  was  especially  marked 
in  Japan.  One  morning  during  a  series  of  meet- 
ings in  Kumamoto  the  principal  said,  ''  There  is 
a  deep  spiritual  movement  among  the  students. 
They  have  been  praying  all  night."  To  one  who 
had  never  known  of  a  well-authenticated  all-night 
prayer-meeting  in  an  American  college  the  re- 
port was  almost  incredible ;  but  it  was  fully  con- 
firmed. The  reason  may  possibly  be  explained  as 
follows :  Their  old  faiths  have  given  the  people 
of  Asia  little  or  no  conception  of  the  immanence 
of  God.  They  have  thought  of  Him  as  asleep  or 
on  a  journey  so  remote  as  to  have  little  know- 
ledge of  or  interest  in  men.  The  new  faith,  with 
its  assurance  of  the  presence  of  a  Heavenly  Father 
and  an  earthly  Brother  who  is  also  a  heavenly, 


ELEMENTS   OF  PERMANENCE  83 

charms  and  fills  them  with  a  joy  which  sometimes 
becomes  a  rapture.  The  promise  that  where  two 
or  three  are  gathered  together  in  His  name,  there 
He  will  be  in  the  midst  of  them,  is  Hterally  be- 
lieved ;  and  sometimes  their  fellowship  with  the 
Father  and  with  His  Son  Jesus  Christ  is  so  pre- 
cious that  they  would  fain  prolong  the  interview 
until  the  day  breaks.  This  new-found  faith  fills 
them  with  some  such  joy  as  a  company  of  Chris- 
tians in  the  West  would  have  if  the  Son  of  God 
should  enter  their  meeting  in  visible  presence, 
lift  His  hands  in  blessing,  and  speak  such  gracious 
words  as  thrilled  the  people  in  Galilee's  syna- 
gogues. Who  would  not  linger  in  His  presence 
until  the  hours  lengthen  into  morning?  People 
who  have  such  joy  in  prayer  will  have  power 
with  God  and  men.  One  thing  which  we  western 
Christians  may  learn  from  some  of  our  oriental 
brethren  is  how  to  pray. 

Another  lesson  which  they  will  teach  us  will  be 
how  to  give  for  the  support  of  the  gospel.  Their 
self-sacrifice  and  generosity  have  already  been 
illustrated.      A  w^ell-known   writer  says   of   Mr. 


84  A  NEW  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

Moody  that  he  has  not  only  taught  men  how  to 
give  who  had  given  in  a  niggardly  fashion,  but 
that  he  has  taught  men  who  were  thought  to  be 
liberal  givers  to  give  on  a  vastly  increased  scale 
of  liberaHty.  This  lesson  which  is  being  taught 
the  world  by  its  greatest  living  evangelist  will 
also  be  taught  the  western  churches  by  the  pre- 
cept and  example  of  some  of  the  least  of  these 
our  brethren  in  Asia  and  other  mission  lands. 

Another  class  of  guarantees  of  the  permanence 
and  power  of  this  movement  consists  in  certain 
principles  which  distinguish  its  method  of  organi- 
zation. In  the  first  place,  it  is  an  integral  part  of 
the  Church  which  stands  upon  the  one  foundation 
against  which  not  even  the  gates  of  Hades  shall 
prevail.  Instead,  therefore,  of  being  a  mere  step- 
ping-stone or  vestibule  to  the  Church — in  which 
its  members  might  linger  so  long  as  to  become  a 
new  organization  which  might  take  the  place  of 
the  Church — it  is  an  agency  of  the  Church,  ap- 
pointed, organized,  and  utilized  by  the  Church 
to  perform  for  the  Church  a  service  which  can  be 


ELEMENTS   OF  PERMANENCE  85 

better  performed  by  a  combined  effort  of  the 
different  divisions  of  the  Church  than  by  each 
of  the  several  divisions  or  denominations  working 
separately.  It  is  the  forward  movement  of  the 
one  united  Christian  army  for  the  evangelization 
of  the  world.  As  the  eminent  teacher  of  church 
history,  the  late  Roswell  D.  Hitchcock,  said,  in 
commenting  upon  the  College  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  in  the  early  stages  of  its  his- 
tory, ''  It  is  a  mitigation  of  the  deplorable  effects 
of  our  too  disintegrated  Protestantism."  We 
would  not  be  misunderstood  at  this  point.  This 
movement  stands  for  the  one  supreme  idea  which 
has  been  repeatedly  illustrated,  namely,  the  en- 
Hstment  of  an  army  for  the  consummation  of  the 
evangelistic  enterprise.  This  one  thing  it  does, 
leaving  all  questions  of  church  union  and  feder- 
ation to  be  faced  and  settled  by  the  appropriate 
authorities.  We  desire  to  make  plain  the  fact 
that  the  results  of  its  work  will  be  conserved  by 
the  existing  mission  churches,  under  whose  over- 
sight and  control  it  will  be  conducted.      It  will 


86  A   NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

Strengthen  the  things  that  remain,  and  not  add 
to  the  already  sufficiently  numerous  ecclesiastical 
organizations. 

Again,  it  stands  for  the  evangelization  and  en- 
listment of  all  young  men,  without  regard  to  race, 
class,  caste,  rank,  or  employment.  If  it  begins 
with  the  educated  class  it  does  not  end  there.  It 
does  lay  special  emphasis  upon  students,  because 
such  little  success  has  thus  far  attended  the  efforts 
to  Christianize  them.  Moreover,  they  have  been 
shamefully  imposed  upon  by  misrepresentations 
made  by  their  irreligious  teachers  from  the  West, 
who  have  assured  them  that  Christianity  is  losing 
its  hold  upon  the  educated  and  influential  classes 
in  Europe  and  America.  Such  statements  are 
actually  made,  notwithstanding  Mr.  Gladstone's 
reported  declaration  that  of  the  sixty- five  most 
eminent  men  of  Europe  with  whom  he  had  asso- 
ciated he  knew  only  five  who  were  not  Christian 
believers  ;  notwithstanding  the  extraordinary  tes- 
timony to  Christianity  afforded  by  the  prepon- 
derance of  Christian  believers  in  one  of  the  most 
eminent  gatherings  of  scholars  ever  assembled  in 


ELEMENTS   OF  PERMANENCE  87 

Europe,  the  guests  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh at  its  recent  tricentenary  celebration ;  not- 
withstanding the  well-ascertained  fact  that  more 
than  one  half  of  the  student  body  in  the  Amer- 
ican colleges  are  members  of  Christian  churches, 
and  the  greatest  student  organization  in  the  world 
is  the  Intercollegiate  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation. It  is  time  that  the  educated  young 
men  of  Asia  were  furnished  with  the  facts  con- 
cerning the  position  of  Christianity  in  the  uni- 
versities of  the  West.  Another  reason  why  this 
movement  should  be  firmly  anchored  among  the 
student  class  at  the  beginning  is  that  it  will  be 
very  difficult  to  enlist  the  students  in  the  wake 
of  the  uneducated.  They  will  not  be  likely  to 
follow  the  latter  in  the  East,  where  the  spirit  of 
caste,  if  not  its  visible  system,  widely  prevails 
even  outside  of  India;  whereas  the  latter  will 
esteem  it  a  privilege  to  follow  their  educated 
men. 

While  the  movement  is  being  thoroughly  or- 
ganized among  students,  it  is  not,  even  thus  early 
in  its  history,  confined  to  them.      Organizations 


88  A  NEW  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

of  students  and  also  of  young  business  men  are 
meeting  together  in  national  conventions.  Meet- 
ing thus  side  by  side  under  one  standard  has  many 
decided  advantages,  which  the  prime  movers  in 
the  enterprise  in  Asia  were  as  quick  to  anticipate 
as  were  the  leaders  of  the  American  movement. 
One  of  the  chief  advantages  of  union  is  that  close 
contact  of  the  student  body  with  business  men 
saves  the  former  from  the  disastrous  effects  of  nar- 
rowness and  exclusiveness,  too  often  manifested  in 
an  impractical,  visionary  theory  of  life.  The  era  of 
the  cloister  has,  it  is  hoped,  forever  passed  away. 
It  has  certainly  made  a  terrible  record  in  the  old 
oriental  churches.  After  eighteen  years'  experi- 
ence in  America,  the  chief  promoters  of  the 
movement  are  agreed  that  one  of  the  greatest 
services  which  business  men  have  ever  rendered 
our  colleges  consists  in  the  introduction  to  col- 
lege life  of  the  practical,  aggressive  methods  of 
Christian  work  which  characterize  the  Sunday- 
school,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
and  other  Christian  enterprises  directed  by  busi- 
ness men.     Another  reason  of  supreme  impor- 


ELEMENTS   OF  PERMANENCE  89 

tance  why  students  and  business  men  should  be 
closely  united  in  this  enterprise  finds  forcible 
illustration  in  the  American  movement.  The 
seven  hundred  students  who  have  during  the 
past  eight  years  gone  to  foreign  mission  fields 
could  not  have  gone  but  for  the  support  of  busi- 
ness men.  The  thirty  thousand  missionaries 
needed  at  the  front  calls  for  a  force  of  more  than 
thirty  million  laymen  at  the  base  of  supplies.  The 
half-million  young  men  in  foreign  mission  lands 
needed  for  the  preaching  of  the  gospel  as  evan- 
gelists and  pastors  calls  for  a  vast  army  of  lay 
allies  to  furnish  the  sinews  of  war.  This  reason 
for  unity  and  cooperation  between  the  two  classes 
is  sufficient,  without  further  defense  of  the  basis 
of  union  upon  which  the  movement  has  stood 
from  the  beginning. 


VII 
A  THREEFOLD  APPEAL 


91 


"  We  need  a  new  spirit  of  prayer  among  us.  John  Foster  saidy 
'  When  I  shall  see  Christians  all  over  the  tvorld  resolved  to 
prove  zvhat  shall  be  the  efficacy  of  prayer  for  the  conversioti  of 
the  world,  I  shall  begin  to  think  that  the  millennium  is  at  the 
door.'*  Oh  for  this  spirit  of  prayer !  And  if  you  want  to  know 
what  to  pray  for,  let  me  ask  you  to  pray  especially  and  peculiarly 
for  the  Holy  Spirit.  When  the  tide  rises  it  lifts  up  everything 
that  floats  upon  its  bosom,  and  when  the  Spirit  cojnes  into  the 
Church  He  will  lift  up  everything  that  is  in  the  Church.^'' 

William  M.  Taylor. 

**//  is  something  to  be  a  missionary.  The  morning  stars  sang 
together,  and  all  the  sons  of  God  shouted  for  joy,  when  they  first 
saw  the  field  which  the  first  missionary  tvas  to  fill.  The  great  and 
terrible  God,  before  zuhofu  angels  veil  their  faces,  had  an  only  Son, 
and  He  was  sent  to  the  earth  as  a  missionary  Physician.  It  is 
so??iething  to  be  a  follower,  however  feeble,  in  the  wake  of  the  Great 
Teacher  and  only  Model  Missionary  that  ever  appeared  among 
men  ;  and  now  that  He  is  Head  over  all  things.  King  of  kings 
and  Lord  of  lords,  what  commission  is  equal  to  that  which  the 
missionary  holds  frojn  Him  ?  May  we  venture  to  invite  young 
7nen  of  education,  when  laying  down  the  plan  of  their  lives,  to 
take  a  glance  at  that  of  ffiissionary  ?  " 

David  Livingstone. 

"  The  money  power,  which  is  one  of  the  most  operative  and  grand- 
est of  all,  is  only  beginning  to  be  Christianized.  What  we  are 
waiting  for,  is  the  consecration  of  the  vast  money  power  of  the 
world  to  the  work  and  cause  and  kingdom  of  Jesus  Christ;  for 
that  day,  when  it  comes,  will  be  the  morning,  so  to  speak,  of  the 
new  creation.  That  tide-wave  in  the  money  poaver  can  as  little  be 
resisted,  when  God  brings  it,  as  the  tides  of  the  sea  ;  and  like  thesey 
also,  it\willflow  across  the  world  in  a  day.'''' 

Horace  Bushnell. 

92 


VII 

A    THREEFOLD  APPEAL 

The  attempt  has  been  made  to  record  a  new 
chapter  of  church  history  until  now  unwritten. 
In  behalf  of  those  who  have  gone  to  the  distant 
outposts  of  the  Church  to  pioneer  the  enterprise, 
and  of  the  young  men  in  foreign  lands  who  have 
consecrated  their  lives  to  this  sublime  endeavor, 
and. of  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  this  generation 
whose  salvation  depends  upon  the  work  of  the 
next  thirty-three  years,  and,  above  all,  in  behalf 
of  Him  who  more  than  any  other  man  served  His 
own  generation,  may  we  close  this  record  with  a 
threefold  appeal? 

First :  ''  Pray  ye  therefore  the  Lord  of  the 
harvest,  that  He  send  forth  laborers  into  His 
harvest."  So  preeminent  is  the  relation  which 
prayer  sustains  to  the  missionary  movement  that 
this  request  must  take  precedence  of  every  other. 
93 


94  ^  ^^^  PROGRAMME   OF  MISSIONS 

The  Student  Volunteers  have  made  this  their  text 
for  the  year.  The  method  which  this  enterprise 
offers  as  a  solution  to  the  problem  of  furnishing  a 
sufficient  force  for  the  world's  evangelization  will 
come  to  naught  unless  sanctified  by  prayer.  The 
movement  was  begotten  on  the  Day  of  Prayer 
for  Colleges,  and  is  therefore  in  a  peculiar  sense 
the  child  of  prayer.  Only  in  an  atmosphere  of 
prayer  may  it  be  expected  to  attain  its  fullest 
development. 

Second :  "  Go  ye  therefore,  and  make  disciples 
of  all  the  nations."  That  gracious  command  was 
first  heard  by  young  men  of  Asia.  Had  they 
been  as  disobedient  to  it  as  their  spiritual  pos- 
terity has  been,  the  effects  of  the  Incarnation  of 
the  Son  of  God  might  have  been  lost  thus  far 
to  the  West.  The  effect  upon  Europe  of  their 
fulfilment  of  that  great  command  constitutes,  in 
the  language  of  Ernest  Renan,  "  the  capital  event 
of  history."  The  same  "capital  event"  is  the 
supreme  need  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  idolatrous 
South  America.  Men  whose  hearts  God  has 
touched  are  needed  to  awaken  the  young  men 


A   THREEFOLD  APPEAL  95 

of  those  countries  and  rally  them  to  a  work  for 
which  their  people  may  wait  in  vain  several  cen- 
turies longer  if  they  are  shut  up  to  a  dependence 
upon  the  Christians  of  Europe  and  America. 
Seven  men  have  already  gone  forth  to  Japan, 
India,  and  Brazil  upon  this  exalted  mission.  Two 
more  are  under  appointment — one  to  Ceylon,  the 
other  to  China.  These  are  but  the  advance-guard 
of  a  band  of  about  twenty-five  who  are  and  soon 
will  be  called  to  occupy  the  strategic  educational 
centers  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  South  America.  With 
openings  for  twenty- five  men  in  sight,  we  must 
be  prepared  to  respond  to  the  calls  for  several 
times  that  number,  should  the  increasing  needs  of 
the  work  demand  them.  Only  men  whom  God 
has  clearly  called  and  qualified  can  be  sent  upon 
this  difficult  and  preeminent  service.  They  must 
be  men  of  high  intellectual  endowment  and  rare 
administrative  capacity,  for  they  go  to  lead  lead- 
ers. Above  all  they  must  be  men  of  undaunted 
purpose  and  unfailing  faith.  They  must  not  share 
with  Henry  Martyn  "  as  great  surprise  to  see  a 
Hindu  regenerated  as  to  see  a  dead  body  resur- 


96  A  NEIV  PROGRAMME  OF  MISSIONS 

rected."  They  must,  on  the  contrary,  believe 
that  "  the  hour  cometh,  and  now  is,  when  the 
dead  shall  hear  the  voice  of  the  Son  of  God ;  and 
they  that  hear  shall  live."  They  must  expect 
to  see  "greater  things'*  done  by  the  disciples  of 
Christ  on  the  southern  and  eastern  shores  of  Asia 
than  even  He  did  on  its  western  coast. 

Third :  "  Bring  ye  the  whole  tithe  into  the 
storehouse."  ''  How  shall  they  preach,  except 
they  be  sent?"  Men  are  needed  who  are  quick 
to  discern  the  strategic  significance  of  this  oppor- 
tunity, and  will  count  it  a  privilege  to  furnish  the 
money  to  develop  this  rich  lead  in  the  missionary 
mine.  There  are  Christians  who  are  honored  by 
having  their  representatives  in  foreign  mission 
fields.  Here  is  an  opportunity  to  support  a 
man  who  touches  the  student  life  of  a  great 
nation  and  thus  promotes  the  work  of  many 
mission  boards  for  all  time  to  come.  There  are 
men  at  home  who  have  immortaHzed  their  names 
by  erecting  college  buildings,  endowing  pro- 
fessorships, building  churches  and  hospitals  in 
foreign  mission  lands.     Here  is  an  opportunity 


A   THREEFOLD  APPEAL  97 

to  make  an  investment  which  will  determine  the 
religious  character  of  many  colleges,  which  will 
decide  whether  those  colleges  shall  be  centers  of 
Christian  life  or  of  infidelity.  Here  is  a  call  for 
the  support  of  men  whose  life-work  will  dot  the 
towns  and  cities  of  mission  lands  with  living  tem- 
ples such  as  were  asked  for  by  a  Japanese  who 
said  to  a  missionary,  '*  Send  us  more  temples  of 
the  Holy  Ghost."  It  almost  seems  that  every 
hundred  dollars  invested  in  an  enterprise  of  such 
strategic  influence  as  this  will  yield  at  least  one 
man  set  apart  to  the  service  of  heralding  to  his 
people  the  blessed  gospel  of  the  Son  of  God. 

If  this  threefold  command  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
— "  Pray  ye,"  "  Go  ye,"  ''  Bring  ye  " — is  obeyed, 
this  generation  shall  not  pass  away  until  the  Church 
shall  see  "  a  great  multitude,  of  every  nation,  and 
of  all  tribes  and  peoples  and  tongues,"  running  to 
and  fro  throughout  the  earth,  publishing  the  '*  glad 
tidings  of  great  joy"  which,  the  angels  announced 
to  the  shepherds,  ''  shall  be  to  all  the  people." 


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CATALOGUE 


Missions  and  Missionaries. 


John  G.  Patoa,  Missionary  to  the  New  Hebrides.  An  Auto- 
biography, edited  by  his  brother.  With  an  introductory  note  by 
Rev.  A.  T.  Pierson,  D.D.  New  Illustrated  Edition.  2  vols., 
boxed,  i2mo,  cloth net,  S2.00 

Henry  Martyn.  First  Modern  Missionary  to  the  Mohammedans. 
1781-1812.  By  Geo.  Smith,  CLE.  With  portrait,  map  and  illus- 
trations.     Large  Svo.  cloth,  gilt  top 3.00 

"  This  excellent  biography,  so  accurately  written,  so  full  of 
interest  and  contagious  enthusiasm,  so  w^ell  arranged,  illustrated 
and  indexed,  is  worthy  of  the  subject." — T^e  Critic. 

The  Conversion  of  India,  from  Pantaenus  to  the  Present  Time, 
A.D.  191-1893.      Graves  Lectures,  1893.     By  Geo.  Smith,  CLE. 

i2mo,  cloth 1.50 

"A  veritable  cyclopaedia  on  Indian  Missions." — Christian 
Work. 

Sweet  First-Fruits.  A  True  Tale  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  on 
the  Truth  and  Virtue  of  the  Christian  Religion.  Translated 
from  the  Arabic,  and  with  introduction  by  Sir  William  Muir, 
K.C.S.L     i2mo.  cloth i.oo 

The  Child  of  the  Ganges.  A  Tale  of  the  Judson  Mission.  By 
Rev.  R.  N.  Barrett.     Illustrated.     i2mo,  cloth 1.25 

The  Ainu  of  Japan.  The  Religion,  Superstitions,  and  General 
History  of   the   Hairy  Aborigines  of    Japan,      By  Rev.  John 

Batchelor.     With  80  illustrations.     i2mo,  cloth 1.50 

"  Replete  with  information  of  all  sorts  about  the  Ainu  men, 
women  and  children."— Z'^^  Nation. 

A  Winter  in  North  China.  By  Rev.  T.  M.  Morris.  Introduc- 
tion by  Rev.  R.  Glover,  D.D.,  and  a  map.      i2mo,  cloth 1.50 

"  An  intelligent,  recent  and  grandly  encouraging  report." — 
The  Independeyit. 

James  Gilmour  of  Mongolia.  His  Diaries,  Letters  and  Reports. 
Edited  and  arranged  by  Richard  Lovett,  M.A.  With  three 
photogravure  portraits  and  other  illustrations.    Svo,  cloth,  gilt 

top 1.75 

"  A  vivid  picture  of  twenty  years  of  devoted  and  heroic 
service."—  The  Con^  regationalist. 

James  Gilmour  and  His  Boys.  Being  Letters  to  his  sons  in 
England.  With  facsimiles  of  letters,  a  map  and  other  illustra- 
tions.    i2mo,  cloth 1.25 

Chinese  Characteristics.  By  Arthur  H.  Smith.  Second  Edition, 
Revised.    With  16  full-page  half-tone  illustrations,  from  new  and 

original  photographs.     Svo,  cloth 2.00 

"  The  best  book  on  the  Chinese  people."— TA^  N.  Y.  Exam- 
iner. 

In  the  Far  East.  Letters  from  China.  By  Geraldine  Guinness. 
Edited  by  her  sister.  With  introduction  by  Rev.  J.  Hudson 
Taylor.     Fully  illustrated.    4to,  cloth,  ornamented 1.50 

Qlances  at  China.  By  Rev.  Gilbert  Reid,  M.A.  Illustrated, 
izmo,  cloth , 80 

*#*  Send  /or  Sj>ecial  List, 


Missions  and  Missionaries. 

Foreigo  Missions  After  a  Century.  By  Rev.  J.  S.  Dennis.  D.D. 
Princeton  Seminary  Lectures,   1893,       Third   Edition.      8vo, 

cloth $1.50 

"A  broad,  philosophical  and  systematic  view  of  missionary 
work  in  its  relation  to  the  living  Church." — The  Independent. 

The  Student  Missionary  Enterprise.  Proceedings  of  the  Second 
International  Convention  of  the  Student  Voluntary  Movement 
for  Foreign  Missions.  Detroit,  1894.    8vo,  cloth,  gilt  top. . . .  1.50 

The  World's  Missionary  Conference  Reports.  Proceedings  of 
the  Centenary  Conference  on  the  Protestant  Missions  of  the 
World,  London,  1888.  Edited  by  Rev.  James  Johnston,  F.S.S., 
Secretary  of  the  Conference.  Two  large  8vo  volumes,  over 
1,200  pages,  cloth 2.00 

A  Manual  of  Modern  Missions.  Containing  Historical  and 
Statistical  Accounts  of  the  Principal  Protestant  Missionary 
Societies  in  America,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Continent  of 
Europe.    By  Rev.  J.  T.  Gracy,  D.D.     i2mo,  cloth 1.25 

TAe  Story  of  Uganda  and  tfie  Victoria  Nyanza  Mission.      By 

Sarah  G.  Stock.    With  a  map  and  illustrations.    i2mo,  cloth,  1.25 

Among  ttie  Matabele.  By  Rev.  David  Carnegie.  With  an 
account  of  Khama,  Chief  of  the  Bechuanas,  and  many  illustra- 
tions.   i2mo,  cloth 60 

Kin-da-siion's  Wife.  An  Alaskan  Story.  By  Mrs.  Eugene  S. 
Willard,  Home  Missionary  to  Alaska,  of  the  Presbyterian  Board 
of  America.     Illustrated.     Third  Edition.    8vo,  cloth 1.50 

Heavenly  Pearls  Set  In  a  Lift.  A  Record  of  Experiences  and 
Labors  in  America,  India,  and  Australia.  By  Mrs.  Lucy  D. 
Osborn.    Illustrated.     i2mo,  cloth 1.50 

The  Holy  Spirit  in  Missions.  By  Rev.  A.  J.  Gordon,  D.D. 
Graves  Lectures,  1892.      i2mo,  cloth,  gilt  top 1.25 

The  Life  of  John  Kenneth  Mackenzie,  Medical  Missionary  to 
China.  By  Mrs.  Mary  I.  Bryson.  With  portrait.  i2mo,  cloth, 
gilt  top 1.50 

Medical  Missions:  Their  Place  and  Power.  By  John  Lowe. 
Secretary  of  the  Edinburgh  Medical  Society.  Third  Edition. 
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and  New  Guinea.    By  Wm.  Robson. 

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By  Rev.  John  B.  Meyers. 

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17.  Reginald  Heber,  Bishop  o*'  Calcutta.    By  Arthur  Montefiore. 
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Princeton  Theological  Seminary  Libraries 


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